USA

• When was the Wall Street crash?

  October 1929
• What did the Wall Street crash cause?

  unemployment, loss of family life, loss of money ,homelessness
• What triggered the Wall Street crash?

  the panic selling of shares
• What did the Wall Street crash trigger?

  Great Depression
• How many were unemployed in 1929?


  1.5 million
• How many were unemployed in 1930?

  5 million
• How many were unemployed in 1931?

  9 million
• How many were unemployed in 1932 (the highest it was) ?

  13 million
• How many people were unemployed in cities in 1933?

  one third of the people
• What occurred in the countryside during the wall street crash/ Great Depression?

  Farmers in debt and couldn’t afford to pay workers. we’re evicted and became hobos.
• When was the draught and what did it cause?

  1931, caused dust bowls, land couldn’t be farmed, caused death and destroyed the community
• What happened to people in cities?

  couldn't afford to pay rent, became homeless and lived in Hoovervilles
• How did Herbert hoover deal with the depression?

  he did too little to late He believed in balancing the budget and rugged individualism. In 1932 he brought forward the reconstruction finance corporation that gave 2 billion dollars to banks and railways.
• Who were the bonus marches?

  occurred in may-June 1932. we’re a group of war veterans that we’re unemployed and stormed into Washington demanding an early repayment of war bonus. they set up Hoovervilles outside the White House but hoover destroyed them, causing him to loose popularity
• Why did Roosevelt win the 1932 election?

  Roosevelt was popular, gave off a caring image, good public speaker, trustworthy

  hoover was very unpopular and was criticised for the treatment of the bonus marches and offered nothing new.
• Describe Roosevelt’s new deal:

  policies to deal with your effects of depression he introduced the 3r‘s relief, recover, reform. He introduced new Legislations such as the alphabet agencies
• What did the new deal do?

  it made people believe in him, it helped calm the depression down through the use of Roosevelt’s propaganda with his fireside chats
• Describe the criticism of the new deal:

  discrimination of black people and women were still occurring, many republicans hated it, the Supreme Court could overrule legislations
• how Did the new deal succeed?

  restored government faith, restarted the economy and prevented America swinging towards communism and facism.
• Describe the second new deal:

  During jan 1935, focused on the rights of workers, the unemployed and the homeless.

  he brought forward these acts:

  WPA= workers progress administration (job creation schemes)

  NLRA= national labour relations act (workers rights such as trade unions)

  FLSA= fair laboured standard act making sure children were working legally

  SSA= social security act that focused on poverty
• describe The alphabet agencies:

  organisations set up as a part of the new deal.

  AAA= agricultural adjustment act, helped farmers increase their profits

  CCC= civilian conservation corps, provided six months of work for men aged 18-25.

  FERA= federal emergency relief administration, provided 500 million for emergency relief to help poorer and homeless people.

  EBA= emergency banking act, closed banks for 10 days helping to restore the confidence in banks
• How effective were alphabet agencies?

  good in short term, funding for them decreased in the 1930s helped to increase unemployment
• What ended the Great Depression?


  ww2, increased work and people were going to war
• Why did America benefit economically from ww2?

  Wartime production, end to unemployment, increased role of federal government, internal migration
• describe wartime production: expansion of coal, iron, steel. the military production was producing half the weapons in the world in 1944
• why was there an end to unemployment?

  conscription created higher demand for workers
• describe internal migration


  27 million Americans migrated in search for jobs
• what is consumerism?


  consumption of goods. Everyday goods Americans spend their money on. If there is a high demand in these goods, more will be provided.
• what is suburbanisation?


  the rise in Americans placing money down for housing. Meaning an increase in living space.
• How was Americas economy post-war?

  The American society was prospering [getting richer]
• Describe the aspects in the Affluent society

  in 1960 the living of the average American was 3 times more than the average Britain. 25% of Americans lived in suburbia. Many owned televisions, pools or a car which were seen as must have items.
• Describe the poorer sections of society

  In 1959 29% lived below the poverty line [50 million]. Specific people were overlooked and treated differently so were put in this section of society. This included hispanics and blacks that were overlooked due to racism.
• Describe black Americans on the front line at war

  in segregated units, before 1944 they weren't allowed into combat in the marines. Many black men were only accepted by the navy to work in canteens. Were given roles such as transporting supplies, cooking, hard labour. They also wouldn't accept black pilots. At the end of the war there was 1,000 black pilots.
• describe black Americans in the home front

  in 1941 Roosevelt banned discrimination against black Americans in factories producing war goods which was an important victory in campaign for equality. In 1944 2 million black Americans were working in war factories and the NAACP membership rose from 50,000 to 450,000.
• Describe the events in Little rock high

  In September 1957, 9 African Americans Led by Elizabeth Eckford tried to enter a white only school. The Arkansas governor surrounded the school with guardsmen to prevent the 9 entering. President Eisenhower sent 1,000 federal troops to protect the students for the rest of the year. 8 of the 9 graduated and it was significant as it bought publicity and showed that the president was capable of helping.
• Describe the brown v Topeka case


  in 1952 20 states had segregated schools. A girl called Linda brown had to walk 20 blocks to her school even though there was a school for white pupils near her home. Her father Oliver Brown with help from the NAACP took the case to court. They lost the case in the state courts so took it to the supreme court. In May 1954 the supreme court said racial segregation went against US constitution but the supreme court had no power to impose the decision.
• Describe the James Meredith case

  In June 1962 the supreme court upheld a federal court decision to force Mississippi university to accept black student James Meredith. When he arrived to register he was prevented to register by the governor. Many riots outbroke so Kennedy sent 2,000 troops and 300 soldiers remained on campus until he graduated 3 years later.
• Describe sit-ins


  In 1960, Black students from a local college walked in to the local Walworths demanding to be served at a white only counter. The students were taught to peacefully react to violence to prevent getting in trouble. They also refused to move which lead to an agreement to end segregation. This showed the citizens were effective and how non violent protests were successful. 70,000 people participated in sit ins.
• describe the Montgomery bus boycott

  In 1955 the Montgomery bus boycott began the civil rights movement. There was a law that black people sat at the back of buses and had to give up there seats for white people. On December 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat and was arrested for breaking the law. The MIA was set up by Martin Luther king and people started boycotting buses. Lawyers fought her case in court and Montgomery's laws were declared illegal.
• Describe the Freedom rides 1961


  segregation still occurred on buses. In May 1961 members of CORE began protests because of this. People rode on buses run by companies that were ignoring laws banning segregation. They traveled from Washington DC on 4 May 1961 to new Orleans but were met with hostile reception. In Alabama a bus was attacked and burned, in Montgomery freedom riders were beat up, in Birmingham freedom riders were attacked by an angry mob. Although freedom rides continued and by September 70,000 had taken party. Resulting in Robert Kennedy ending segregation on public transport.