GEN BIO 2

• Asexual reproduction allows for a living thing to reproduce without another member of its species
• Sexual reproduction requires genetic material from two different members of the species, usually but not always, a male and a female
• New individuals are formed from the combination of haploid gametes to form a genetically unique offspring
• Flowering plants reproduce sexually through a process called pollination
• The flowers contain male sex organs (stamen) and female sex organs (pistil)
• Cross Pollination happens when the wind or animals move pollen from one plant to fertilize the ovules on a different plant
• Sexual reproduction typically requires a male and a female, however there are hermaphroditic creatures throughout the animal kingdom
• Vegetative Propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves, roots, and stem
• For example, garlic and onions reproduce through bulbs, potato plants reproduce through tubers, and strawberry plants reproduce using stolons
• Fragmentation involves new plants growing from small parts of the parent plant that fall to the ground
• Fission is applied to instances in which an organism appears to split itself into two parts and, if necessary, regenerate the missing parts of each new organism
• Budding is a form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of the body leading to a separation of the “bud” from the original organism and the formation of two individuals, one smaller than the other
• Fragmentation is the breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration
• Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into an individual without being fertilized
• Plant Cloning (vegetative propagation) is an ancient form of producing desired outcomes in plant species
• Animal Cloning is the process by which an entire organism is reproduced from a single cell taken from the parent organism and in a genetically identical manner
• At fertilization an egg cell and a sperm cell fuse and create a zygote (fertilized egg)
• The stage of 16 to 64 cells is called a morula
• Then the cells that lie inside migrate from the center to the periphery, some cells die in the middle and there a cavity is formed. This cavity is filled with fluid. The embryo is now called a blastula and starts to grow
• The cell divisions in the wall of the blastula continue and then some cells bend inwards to make a tube to the inside. This indentation looks as if a finger is pushed inwards. This happens at the spot that is called the blastopore (opening of the vesicle). The embryo is now called a gastrula
• gaster = stomach
• When plants flower, pollen will be carried from the stamens to the stigma of the pistil by wind, insects or other animals. The pollen makes a tube through the style of the pistil to the egg cell in the ovary. Fertilization takes place and then follows the first division by which a small apical cell and a large basal cell are formed
• The apical cell divides into four cells and forms a small ball. The basal cell ligates cells at the top.
• The apical tissue grows sidewards, the cotyledons are formed from this
• Nutrition is defined as the process of providing and obtaining the food necessary for the health and growth of plants and animals
• The apical clump of cells grows and forms a spherical ball. The lower part always with the basal cell stops growing and dividing quite soon. This part is called the suspensor. This stage is called the globular stage of the embryo
• The apical cell divides into four cells and forms a small ball. The basal cell ligates cells at the top