Emerging technology chapter one

• IT is a technology which uses computers to gather, process, store, protect, and transfer information
• Today, it is common to use the term ICT because it is unimaginable to work on a computer which is not connected to the network
• Computer


  An electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data
• Computer


  • Given enough time and memory, all computers are capable of computing exactly the same things (irrespective of speed, size or cost)
  • The ultimate objective is to transform a problem expressed in natural language into electrons running around a circuit!
• Computer science


  The study of algorithms, including their formal mathematical properties (correct, efficient), hardware realizations (to carryout), linguistic realizations (translate), and Applications (uses)
• Algorithm


  A well ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations that produces a result and halts in a finite amount of time
• Artificial science


  The study of human-made paradigms: programs, computers, and computational modes, as opposed to the natural sciences which study naturally occurring phenomena
• Types of computers by size and processing speed

  • Supercomputer
  • Mainframe
  • Minicomputer or Workstation
  • Microcomputer or (PCs)
• Types of computers by mechanism/process

  • Analog computers
  • Digital computers
  • Hybrid computers
• Types of computers by purpose/use

  • General purpose: servers, desktops, laptops, PDAs, etc.
  • Special purpose: cash registers, ATMs, games, telephone switches, etc.
  • Embedded: cars, hotel doors, printers, VCRs, industrial machinery, medical equipment, etc.
• Characteristics of computers


  • Speed
  • Accuracy
  • Diligence/consistency
  • Storage capability
  • Versatility/flexibility
• Parts of a computer system

  • Hardware
  • Software
  • User
  • Data
  • Methods/algorithms
• Hardware


  The physical component of a computer, the actual machinery, wires, transistors, and circuits
• Hardware components of a computer system

  • Input devices
  • Central Processing Unit (CPU)
  • Primary storage
  • Output devices
  • Secondary storage
  • Communications devices
  • Buses
• Software


  A computer program is a series of instructions, each instruction is expressed in a format consistent with a predefined set of rules, and a computer processes data under the direction of the instructions in a program
• Types of systems software

  • Operating systems
  • Utility programs
  • Middleware
• Operating system


  A set of programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs. The kernel ties all components of the OS together and regulates other programs
• Activities performed by the operating system


  • Perform common computer hardware functions
  • Provide a user interface and input/output management
  • Provide a degree of hardware independence
  • Manage system memory
  • Manage processing tasks
  • Provide networking capability
  • Control access to system resources
  • Manage files
• Programming languages


  Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements by which humans can communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
• Evolution of programming languages

  • 1st generation: machine language
  • 2nd generation: assembly languages
  • 3rd generation: high-level symbolic languages
  • 4th generation: non-procedural languages
• Types of application software

  • Proprietary
  • In-house
  • Contract
  • Off-the-shelf
• Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe a new technology, but it may also refer to the continuing development of existing technology; technologies that are currently developing, or that are expected to be available within the next five to ten years, and is usually reserved for technologies that are creating or are expected to create significant social or economic effects
• Technological evolution


  A theory of radical transformation of society through technological development
• The first industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the 1700s and 1800s and was a time of significant innovation
• The American Industrial Revolution commonly referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution, started sometime between 1820 and 1870
• Both Industrial Revolutions led to inventions that included the telephone, the steam engine, the sewing machine, the X-ray, the lightbulb, and the combustible engine
• Great Britain had resources (iron & coal), money, and colonies for markets, which enabled the first Industrial Revolution
• Developments during the Industrial Revolution

  • Mass production of goods
  • Development of factory system of production
  • Rural-to-urban migration
  • Development of capitalism
  • Development and growth of new socio-economic classes
  • Commitment to research and development
• Transportation improved


  • Ships: Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships, Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
  • Trains
  • Automobiles
• Communication improved


  • Telegraph
  • Telephone
  • Radio
• Mass production of goods

  Increased numbers of goods, Increased diversity of goods produced
• Rural-to-urban migration


  • People left farms to work in cities
• Development of capitalism


  • Financial capital for continued industrial growth
• Development and growth of new socio-economic classes

  • Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class
• Commitment to research and development

  • Investments in new technologies, Industrial and governmental interest in promoting invention, the sciences, and overall industrial growth
• The four types of industries

  • Primary industry (getting raw materials e.g. mining, farming, fishing)
  • Secondary industry (manufacturing e.g. making cars and steel)
  • Tertiary industries (provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing)
  • Quaternary industry (research and development industries e.g. IT)
• Industrial Revolution (IR 1.0)

  • Transitions from hand production methods to machines, increasing use of steam power, development of machine tools, rise of the factory system, Water and steam powered machines were developed to help workers in the mass production of goods increase in production efficiency and scale, small businesses grew from serving a limited number of customers to large organizations with owners, manager and employees serving a larger number, introduced mechanical production facilities to the world
• Industrial Revolution (IR 2.0)


  • Known as the Technological Revolution, began somewhere in the 1870s, Manufacturing interchangeable parts and widespread adoption of pre-existing technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks, Electrical energy was already being used as a primary source of power, This adoption allowed the vast movement of people and ideas, enhancing communication
• Industrial Revolution (IR 3.0)

  • Transition from mechanical and analog electronic technology to digital electronics which began from the late 1950s, Shift towards digitalization, "Digital Revolution", The core factor of this revolution is the mass production and widespread use of digital logic circuits and its derived technologies such as the computer, handphones and the Internet, Transformed by enabling people to communicate with another without the need of being physically present, Is still being practiced until this current day, for example – the explosion of digital computers and digital record
• Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)


  • Describes the exponential changes to the way we live, work and relate to one another due to the adoption of cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, AI (Artificial Intelligence), and its combined technologies, This revolution is expected to impact all disciplines, industries, social pattern, and economies