Interspecific

• Symbiosis


  Interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of one or the other
• Commensalism


  A relationship in which one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed (+/0)
• Mutualism


  A relationship in which both species benefit so that their reproductive fitness is increased (+/+)
• Ammensalism


  A relationship in which one species remain unaffected whiles the other species is harmed (0/-)
• Gause's principle of competitive exclusion states that no two species with similar needs for the same limiting resource can co-exist in the same place
• A species is a group of organisms with similar characteristics that can reproduce successfully to produce fertile offspring.
• Ecological niche: the organism's way of living in its environment and its role in the biological community
• Biotic factors: Living things that can affect an organism, such as predators, parasites, and pathogens.
• Abiotic factors: Non-living factors that affect the environment and living organisms.
• Exploitation


  A relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed (+/-)
• Why is herbivory important?

  • Herbivores can increase the biodiversity of a community by eating the dominant species and allowing other species to grow.
  • Large herbivores can push down trees and allow light to increase in low-levelled areas.
  • marine herbivores can prevent blooms of phytoplankton
• Parasites live and feed off of other organisms
• Endoparasites live inside of the host organism and feed on the host's nutrients
• Exoparasites live on the outside of its host organism
• Social/brood parasites is the exploitation by one individual of the parental care of the host
• Parasitic plants derive their nutrients from other plants in a way that is not mutually beneficial
• Predation is the interspecific relationship where energy is transferred from one animal to another, based on the behaviour of a predator that captures and kills a prey before eating it
• Mimicry is where one species resembles another to avoid predation
• Synchronised breeding is a technique used by prey species to reduce predation risk
• Dispersal


  the movement of an individual or multiple individuals away from the population in which they were born to another location, or population, where they will settle and reproduce.
• Parasitism


  Association between two species wherein one benefits at the expense of the other
• Zonation

  A gradual change in the distribution of species across a habitat due to a change in an abiotic factor
• Co-evolution is where over time, two unrelated species develop specific adaptations to enable their existence in the presence of the other organism
• Allelopathy is a natural phenomenon of plants that compete by interfering with the growth of other plants around it
• Mullerian mimicry


  Two or more species with effective defenses share a similar appearance or signalling
• Batesian mimicry


  Members of a palatable species gain protection from predation by resembling or mimicking the defensive signalling of an unpalatable or defended species.
• Type of mutualism where both species benefit from interacting with each other but can survive without the interaction

  Facultative mutualism
• Type of mutualism where neither species can survive without the other.

  Obligate mutualism