Plant and Animal Response

• Thigmo


  Touch
• Rheo


  water current
• Tropho


  Food
• Klino


  One stimulus over time
• Hydro


  Water
• Gravi/Geo


  Gravity
• Chemo


  Chemicals
• Photo


  Light
• Thermo


  Temperature
• Taxis is the movement towards or away from a stimulus.
• Movement towards a stimulus is positive
• Movement away from a stimulus is negative
• Kinesis is the change in activity rate to a non-directional stimulus
• Klinokinesis


  Rate of random turning in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
• Orthokinesis 


  The rate of speed in relation to the intensity of the stimulation
• Innate behaviour


  Genetically inherited, programmed behaviour
• Learned behaviour


  Behaviour that is acquired through experience and observation, such as language and motor skills.
• Homing


  The ability of an organism to return to the home site over unfamiliar territory after being away to look for food.
• Migration


  A planned and regular mass movement by a population of animals from a breeding area to another region.
• Migration must be annual or seasonal and the species must make a return journey
• Movement to a warmer climate allows for efficient energy use and increased abundance of food sources
• Migration is an innate behaviour that seeks a more favourable condition
• External cues


  Photoperiod, shifting seasons, food/water availability
• Internal cues

  Circadian rhythm, fat reserves, sexual maturity
• Types of navigation

  Sonar, solar, stellar, chemical, magnetic field
• For migratory behaviour to evolve and be maintained, the advantages of migration must outweigh the disadvantages.
• Advantages of migration


  Longer day length for foraging, new niches to exploit to reduce competition
• Endogenous: having an internal cause or origin
• exogenous: having an external cause or origin
• Entrainment is the process by which the endogenous (internal) biological clock is reset or synchronised with exogenous (external) environmental cues
• Perennials are plants that can live for three or more growing seasons
• Zeitgeber


  An exogenous cue that synchronises and organism's endogenous rhythms to the rhythms of the environment e.e the sun of the light-dark cycle
• Domancy is the period in an organism's life when growth, development and physical activity are temporarily suspended. This minimises metabolic activity and helps conserve energy.
• Tropism: the turning of all or part of an organism in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus.
• nastic response is the non-directional response to stimuli in plants
• A free running period is the length of time it takes for an organism's endogenous rhythm to repeat in the absence of environmental time cues
• Interspecific competition is the competition between different species for shared resources
• Intraspecific competition is competition between members of the same species for resources, such as food, mates, or territory.
• Photoperiodism is the response of an organism to a change in day length.
• Types of intraspecific relationships

  -social

  -parental

  -heirachy

  -mating