POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT

• crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 babies
• fertility rate is number of live births for women aged 15-49
• crude death rate is number of deaths per 1000 people
• infant mortality rate is number of deaths per 1000 babies
• things that increase fertility rate:

  • kids = economic
  • lack of education
  • lack of controception
• things that decreased the fertility rate :

  • more education
  • more contraception
  • cost of kids in HIC is too expensive
  • more focus on women's careers
  • policies , one child policy in China
• dependency ratio is the relationship between working population and the non-working population
• demographic dividend played an important role in the emergence of Asian Tiger economies in the 1960s, such as Taiwan , South Korea and Hong Kong
• the demographic dividend boosts growth by:

  • younger workforce = magnet for footloose companies to invest
  • less kids , more money for workers to invest
  • women enter formal workplace , gender equality
  • salaried workers = consumers
• critisms of the DTM:

  • undermines political , cultural , religious factors affecting fertility rates
  • doesn't reference migration
  • economic growth DOESN'T equal lower dr
• a source country is a country a migrant leaves
• a host country is the country a migrant moves to
• net migration is the difference in numbers between in-migrants vs out-migrants
• asylum seeker is someone who has applied for refugee staus , who Is waiting to see if they qualify for it or not
• a refugee is someone who has fled their country due to their race , nationality ,conflict , religion and is seeking protection in another country
• a push factor is a reason why someone leave a country
• a pull factor is a reason why someone go to a country
• a brain dump is a source country loses skilled workers , economic growth decreases
• organisations that set up refugee camps are UNICEF and United Nations
• migration camps cause conflict in host countries , more people need education , healthcare etc
• ozone layer is a concentration of gas , ozone , located in the stratosphere at an altitude between 10 and 50km above sea level
• ozone layer shields earth from UV radiation from sun
• UV radiation causes skin causer and eye cataracts
• ozone depletion happens when rate at which ozone layer is formed is less than the rate at which its destroyed
• ozone depletion is caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in fridges and insulation that break down ozone
• CFCs have been banned in the EU and other countries
• rates of skin cancer have increased as more people are going on holiday - boom of package holidays in 60s , affecting 'sun , sand and sangaria' generation
• rates of skin cancer have increased in the 55+ age range
• human risk of thermal stress:

  • heat stress
  • heat exhaustion
  • dehydration
• environmental risk of thermal stress:

  • wildfire
  • smog
  • more mosquitos
• rise of zika virus in latin america and lyme disease in the uk
• climate change effects on farming:

  • more droughts
  • more flooding
  • less crop yields - less nutrition
  • decline in red meat consumption
• Malthus perspective:

  • negative
  • population increases linearlly
  • food supply increase exponentially
  • positive checks : war , famine (will always happen)
  • preventative checks : cultural factors
• the demographic dividend is the economic benefit a country gets when there is more of a working population than a non-working population
• high rates of malaria and dengue fever , shift further as climate zones shift - will affect turkey , southern US ,china
• there are two types of dependency is youthful population and ageing population