Memory

• STM: Capacity?


  7+- 2
• how can STM capacity be improved?

  chunking: converting large amounts of info into memorable chunks
• STM encoding;Memory?


  Acoustic
• STM: Duration?


  Attending + rehearsing --> 30 secs
• LTM: Capacity?


  unlimited
• LTM: Encoding?


  semantic ( applying current knowledge to give meaning to info)
• LTM: Duration?


  <30 secs to unlimited
• Miller (1956)?


  believed the STM can hold 7 items, believed that the brain converts to smaller chunks of info to remember. eg phone numbers
• Jacobs (1887)?


  443 female students (8-19) ppts had to repeat a string of numbers and letters in order. amount to remember increased
• Jacobs (1887) Findings?


  Average of 7.3 letters and 9.3 words
• Miller (1956) Evaluation?


  Miller didn't specify how much a chunk of info is. unable to conclude the exact capacity.
• Miller (1956) evaluation?


  Miller doesn't account for other factors such as old age. Jacobs (1887) acknowledged that STM gradually increases with age
• Peterson & Peterson (1959)?


  lab experiment. 24 students have to remember 3 letters. at different intervals (3,6,9,12 etc secs). to stop rehearsals had to count backwards before recall
• Peterson & Peterson (1959) Findings?

  higher the interval, less accurate the recall. 3 secs :80% recall 18 secs: 10% recall. P&P concludes STM duration is 18 secs. not able to rehearse cannot pass info to LTM
• Peterson & Peterson Evaluation?

  24 psych students, may've already encountered multi-store model.(Demand characteristics). psych students could've studies memory improvement tactics. cannot be generalised
• Peterson & Peterson (1959) Strengths?

  highly controlled, low levels of extraneous variables. high replicable.
• Bahrick (1975)?


  392 American uni graduates. had to match up classmates names and faces photos.
• Bahrick (1975) Findings?


  14 yrs: 90% recall 47 yrs:60 recall. certain info such as faces could be remembered for lifetimes.
• Bahrick (1975) weaknesses?


  only American sample- lack population validity.cannot apply to other countries. Also doesn't explain whether the LTM less accurate due to age or limited capacity.
• Bahrick (1975) strengths?


  high ecological validity. study used real life memories and people. can be generalised to reflect memory in real life events. can be applied.
• Types of LTM?


  procedural, semantic and episodic
• types of declarative memory?

  semantic and episodic?
• Episodic memory?


  explicitly inspected and recall consciously. autobiographical: memories of specific episodes. EXPERIMENTAL: learning fact attached to memory.
• Semantic memory?


  declarative, inspected explicitly and recall consciously. facts have meaning
• Procedural memory?


  implicitly inspected and recalled subconsciously. actions we can perform subconsciously with relative ease.
• Working Model Memory (WMM)?

  Made by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) focuses on the working of the STM. composed of 3 limited STM capacity stores.
• Central Executive (CE)?


  Manages attention and control information
• Articulatory Phonological Loop (APL)?

  Temporarily stores language based info consists (ARP) and (PS)
• Articulatory rehearsal process (ARP)?

  Inner voice. converts language to be presented phonologically in the (PS)
• Phonological store (PS)?


  holds auditory speech information in order of which it was heard
• Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?


  temporarily holds visual and spatial information
• Episodic Buffer (EB)?

  Allows communication between the central executive and the LTM
• 3- store model?


  stemmed from dual-task research. when one stored used for 2 activities then performance is poor due to limited capacity
• WMM evaluation (strengths)?


  provides and explanation for parallel processing unlike MSM. research is from lab experiments so controlled confounding variables, carefully controlled so produce reliable results
• Shallice & Warrington (1974)?

  Case Study: Brain damaged patient KF could recall verbal but not visual information. supports WMM idea of separate stores.
• WMM (weaknesses)?


  WMM is too simplistic e.g, doesn't specify what the C.E is and its exact role. Lab experiments have low ecological validity. lack of mundane realism
• Multi Store Model?


  Atkison and Shffrin (1968) describes flow of 3 permeant memory stores. SR, LTM and STM
• Sensory Information?


  info from the senses
• Sensory Register (SR)?


  info from senses stored. lasts a 1/2 a second.info from the senses can be stored in STM via attendance. info encoded: visually: as an image acoustically: as a sound and semantically: through meaning
• STM?


  receives info from SR via attendance. temp storage. via rehearsal info from SR can be retained in STM