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Genetic engineering
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Genetic engineering
: Changing the DNA in living organisms to create something new.
This organisms are called
Genetically Modified Organism
(
GMO
)
Example:
Bacteria that produce human insulin
Genetically Modified organism are called
transgenic organism
; since genes are transferred from one organism to another.
artificial selection
: breeders choose which organism to mate to produce offspring with desired traits.
They cannot control what genes are passed.
When they get offspring with the desired traits, the maintain them.
Three types of artificial selection:
A.selective breeding
B. hybridization
C. inbreeding
Selective breeding
: when animals with desired characteristics are mated to produce offspring with those desired traits.
Passing of important genes to next generation.
Example: Champion race horses, cows with tender meat, large juicy oranges on a tree.
Selective breeding
occurs when you choose the best male and female to breed.
B. Hybridizations
: two individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms.
Example: Luther Burbank created a disease resistant potato called the Burbank potato.
C. Inbreeding
breeding of organism that genetically similar to maintain desired traits.
2.
Cloning
: creating an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another.
Clone
: group of cells or organisms that are genetically identical as a result of asexual reproduction
Dolly
was the first mammal cloned.
Eggs
are haploid
Haploid:
half
the chromosomes,
23
in humans
Body cells
are diploid:
Diploid:
two
sets of chromosomes, one from mom and one set from dad
46
in humans.
Gene splicing
: DNA is cut out of one organism and put into another organism
How are genes cut for gene splicing?
A bacterial
plasmid
is used.
Plasmid
:
circular DNA
in a bacteria cell.
It is very simple and
easy
to manipulate.
A
restriction
enzyme: enzyme that
cuts
the
DNA
at a
specific
code.
This is called
transformation
: when a
gene
from one
organism
is transferred to different
organism.
The organisms that have DNA
transferred
to them are called
transgenic organisms.
trans
: means different,
genic
: refers to genes
Genetic engineering has given rise to a new
technological
field called
biotechnology
(technology of life).
Transgenic
(GMO) animals:
genes
inserted into
animals
so they produce what humans
need.
Transgenic cows: gene inserted to
increase milk production.
B. Spider goat
: gene from
spider
inserted into
goat.
C. Glow-in-the-dark cats
Scientist used a
virus
to insert
DNA
from
jellyfish
Transgenic bacteria
:
gene
inserted into bacteria so they produce things humans
need.
Transgenic plants
: plants are given
genes
so they meet human
needs.
Transgenic corn: given a gene so corn produces a natural
pesticide.
Now they don’t have to be sprayed with cancer causing pesticides.
25
% of all corn is like this.
Venomous cabbage
gene from a
scorpion tails
inserted into cabbage.
Banana vaccines
virus
is injected into a banana, the virus
DNA
becomes part of the plant.
Gene therapy
: when
disease
causing
genes
are
cut out
and
good gene
are
inserted.
Gel electrophoresis
: a technique used to compare DNA from
two
or
more
organisms.
Recombinant
DNA: when DNA is combined from at least
two
organisms.
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