Genetic engineering

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      • Genetic engineering: Changing the DNA  in  living organisms to create something new.
        
      • This organisms are called Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
      • Example:  
      • Bacteria that produce human insulin
      • Genetically Modified organism are called  transgenic organism; since genes are transferred from one organism to another.  
    •   artificial selection: breeders choose which organism to mate to produce offspring with desired traits.
      • They cannot control what genes are passed.
      • When they get offspring with the desired traits, the maintain them.
    • Three types of artificial selection: A.selective breeding
      B. hybridization
      C. inbreeding
      1. Selective breeding: when animals with desired characteristics are mated to produce offspring with those desired traits.
      • Passing of important genes to next generation.
      • Example: Champion race horses, cows with tender meat, large juicy oranges on a tree.
      • Selective breeding occurs when you choose the best male and female to breed. 
      • B. Hybridizations: two individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms.  
      • Example:  Luther Burbank created a disease resistant potato called the Burbank potato.  
    • C. Inbreeding breeding of organism that genetically similar to maintain desired traits.
    • 2. Cloning: creating an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. 
      • Clone: group of cells or organisms that are genetically identical as a result of asexual reproduction
    • Dolly was the first mammal cloned.
      • Eggs are haploid
      • Haploid: half the chromosomes,  23 in humans
      • Body cells are diploid:  
      Diploid: two sets of chromosomes, one from mom and one set from dad 46 in humans.
    • Gene splicing: DNA is cut out of one organism and put into another organism
    • How are genes cut for gene splicing? 
      • A bacterial plasmid is used.
      • Plasmid: circular DNA in a bacteria cell. 
      • It is very simple and easy to manipulate. 
    • A restriction enzyme: enzyme that  cuts the DNA at a specific code.
      • This is called transformation:  when a gene from one organism is transferred to different organism.  
      • The organisms that have DNA transferred to them are called transgenic organisms.
      • trans: means different, 
      • genic: refers to genes
      • Genetic engineering has given rise to a new technological field called biotechnology (technology of life).
    •  Transgenic (GMO) animals:   genes inserted into animals so they produce what humans need. 
    • Transgenic cows:  gene inserted to increase milk production. 
    • B. Spider goat: gene from spider inserted into goat.  
    • C. Glow-in-the-dark cats 
      • Scientist used a virus to insert DNA from jellyfish
    •  Transgenic bacteria: gene inserted into bacteria so they produce things humans need.  
    •  Transgenic plants: plants are given genes so they meet human needs. 
    • Transgenic corn:  given a gene so corn produces a natural pesticide.  
      Now they don’t have to be sprayed with cancer causing pesticides.  
      • 25% of all corn is like this.  
    • Venomous cabbage
      • gene from a scorpion tails inserted into cabbage.
    • Banana vaccines
      • virus is injected into a banana, the virus DNA becomes part of the plant.
      • Gene therapy: when disease causing genes are cut out and good gene are inserted.
    • Gel electrophoresis: a technique used to compare DNA from two or more organisms.
    • Recombinant DNA:  when DNA is combined from at least two organisms.
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