Hominins

• Australopithecus anamensis, afarensis - Primitive teeth with large canines and U shape. Tibia indicates bipedalism. Arms and pelvis with short iliac blades indicates arboreal behaviour. Brain ~400cc, indicating bipedalism before brain growth
• Australopithecus deyirmedia - Smaller teeth and more robust mandible
• Australopithecus africanus, gahri, sediba - Foramen magnum indicating bipedalism. Brain ~450-500cc. Teeth similar to homo with smaller incisors and canines and large molars. Some arboreal habits ie iliac blades, long arms. Pelvis begins to be more similar to Homo
• Paranthropus aethiopicus, boisei, robustus - Massive jaws and molars for crushing and chewing tough foods. Brain ~400-500cc. Facial buttressing, flaring cheekbones
• Homo habilis (2.6-1.6) - larger brain ~500-700cc, with a prognathic but less protruding face under the brain case. Smaller teeth and evidence of Oldowan tools but long forelimbs, evidence of some arboreal behaviours
• Homo rudolfensis - Brain ~750-800cc with large, flat face
• Homo erectus/ergaster (1.8-0.05) - fully bipedal, contained torso, oldowan and acheulean tools
• Homo floresiensis - small brain ~400cc and short stature, human-like collar bone but ape-like wrists
• Homo heidelbergensis (800-200kya) - larger brain ~1200-1500cc, tall and robust skeleton, acheulean tools and evidence of hunting, fluctuating climate at this time
• Homo neanderthalensis (127-30kya) - large brain ~1200-1750cc, large orbits and nose, muscle markings on scapulae (collar bone) with one arm more powerful than the other, short, stocky build, Mousterian stone tools, burial of the dead, art and rituals
• Homo sapiens (130kya) - enter Europe 40kya, change from high valuted, rounded braincases to high forehead and shorter brain case, tall and less robust, and Mousterian and upper palaeolithic tools.