10.8

• Amyloid plaques are clumps of scar tissue composed of degenerating neurons and aggregates of another protein called beta-amyloid which is present in healthy brains in only small amounts.
• Amyloid plaques are clumps of scar tissue composed of degenerating neurons and aggregates of another protein called beta-amyloid which is present in healthy brains in only small amounts.
• Neurofibrillary tangles are particularly prevalent in medial temporal lobe structures such as the entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus —all structures involved in various aspects of memory.
• Subsequent research on the late-onset form of Alzheimer’s disease has implicated other genes. . Attention has focused on one particular gene, the gene on chromosome 19 that codes for the protein apolipoprotein E (APOE)
• True or False: The presence of a particular allele of the BDNF gene has been shown to increase susceptibility to the late-onset form of Alzheimer’s disease by approximately 50 percent.

  False, APOE4
• It proposes that amyloid plaques are the primary symptom of the disorder; that is, the plaques cause all the other symptoms.

  amyloid hypothesis
• One of the main arguments against the amyloid hypothesis is the fact that many people without observable dementia carry significant loads of amyloid plaques. These individuals are known as high-plaque normals.
• True or False: It is widely believed that in order to be effective against Alzheimer’s disease, treatments must be administered during the dementia stage.

  False, preclinical and prodromal stage
• Attention has also focused on Down syndrome as a potential provider of insights into the neural mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease.
• Interestingly, recent research has shown that approximately 15 percent of the neurons in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients without Down syndrome contain an extra copy of chromosome 21
• The pathogenic spread hypothesis proposes that many common neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease) result from the presence of misfolded proteins that initiate a chain reaction causing other proteins to misfold.
• An aneurysm is a pathological dilation at the wall of an artery and can be congenital or a result of an infection.
• A bruise in an organ or a tissue caused by a localized blood clot is called a hematoma.
• The hypnoxia that accompanies a tonic-clonic seizure can cause brain damage.
• Parkinson's disease is a condition caused by severe degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra that project to the basal ganglia.
• Drug therapy for multiple sclerosis includes immunomodulatory drugs that are only partly effective in delaying the symptoms of the disorder.
• Amyloid plaques are one of the key characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease.
• Genetic research suggests that one particular gene on chromosome 19 called APOE4 may be responsible for the late onset of Alzheimer’s dementia.
• Goddard, McIntyre, and Leech's electrical stimulation in rats through implanted amygdalar electrode is one of the widely used animal model. This model is called:

  Kindling Model of Epilepsy
• The progressive development and intensification of convulsions elicited by a series of periodic brain stimulations became known as the kindling phenomenon, one of the first neuroplastic phenomena to be widely studied.