Cardiovascular

• JVD


  Jugular vein distention
• Cyanosis


  Bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, and nail beds and indicate decreased perfusion and oxygenation.
• CWMS


  Inspecting the fingers, arms, and hands bilaterally noting Color, Warmth, Movement, Sensation.
• DVT


  Deep Vein Thrombosis
• A deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot that forms in a vein deep in the body which life threatening which may cause….

  Pulmonary embolism
• APE To Man


  Aortic, Pulmonic, Erb’s point, Tricuspid, and Mitral areas.
• Heart sounds 


  Auscultation is routinely performed over five specific areas of the heart to listen for corresponding valvular sounds.
• Aortic area


  Second intercostal space to the right of the sternum.
• Pulmonic area


  Second intercostal space to the left of sternum.
• Erb’s point


  Directly below the pulmonic area and located at the third intercostal space to the left sternum.
• Tricuspid or parasternal area


  Fourth intercostal space to the left of the sternum.
• Mitral / apical/ left ventricular area

  Fifth intercostal space at mid clavicular line.
• S1 sound


  Lub/ systole/ pumping/ contracting/ T, M valve shutting.
• S2 sounds 


  Dub/ Diastole/ Filling/ Resting/ A,P valve shutting.
• Disposes on exertion 


  Shortness of breath on exertion (SOBOE) quantity exactly after after walking 2 level blocks.
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea(PND)


  Occurs with heart failure.
• S3 sounds


  Ventricular gallop often heard best by asking the patient to lie to their left side and listening over the apex with the bell of stethoscope.
• S4 sounds

  Atrial gallop, occurs immediately before the S1 and sounds like ta- lub-dub. It can occur with decreased ventricular compliance or coronary artery disease.
• Murmur

  Extra heart sound. A murmur is a blowing or whooshing sound that signifies turbulent blood flow often caused by a valvular defect.
• Heart rate of infant

  80 to 140
• HR of preterm


  120-180
• HR of newborn( 0 to 1 month)

  100-160
• HR of toddler 


  80 to 130
• HR adolescents 


  60 to 90
• Capillary refill test

  Performed on the nail beds to monitor perfusion. If there is sufficient blood flow to the area, a pink color should return within 2 seconds after the pressure is removed.
• Dorsalis Pedis Pulse


  located just lateral to the extensor tendon of the big toe.
• Tibial pedal pulses


  The posterior tibial artery is located just behind the medial malleolus. Palpated by scooping the patient’s heels.
• Blanching 


  The paleness
• Bruits


  The carotid artery may be auscultated for bruits. Bruits are a swishing sound due to turbulence in the blood vessels and maybe heard due to atherosclerosis.
• Pericardium friction rub


  Caused by inflammation of pericardium.