dna replication

• The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
• The secondary structure refers to a sequence of amino acids being linked by hydrogen bonds; alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.
• The tertiary structure of a protein refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of the polypeptide chain.
• The quaternary structure refers to multiple amino acid chains, these proteins can be conjugated.
• Transcription stage 1:

  dna helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
• transcription stage 2:

  2 strands of DNA are separated
• transcription stage 3:

  free RNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs with template strand
• transcription stage 4:

  uracil replaces thymine in the nitrogenous bases
• transcription stage 5:

  RNA polymerase catalyses formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
• hydrogen bonds are between bases
• phosphodiester bonds are between nucleotides
• peptide bonds are between amino acids
• translation stage 1:

  mRNA leaves through nuclear pore to ribosome
• translation stage 2:

  start codon signals for the first amino acid
• translation stage 3:

  codons and anticodons pair as they are complementary
• translation stage 4:

  ribosome processes 2-3 tRNA molecules at a time
• translation stage 5:

  peptide bonds form between amino acids in a condensation reaction
• dna replication stage 1:

  dna helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between 2 polynucleotide strands
• dna replication stage 2:

  2 DNA strands are separated
• dna replication stage 3:

  free nucleotides form complementary base pairs held together by hydrogen bonds
• dna replication stage 4:

  dna polymerase moves in the 5' to 3' direction forming phosphodiester bonds
• dna replication stage 5:

  phosphodiester bonds form the sugar-phosphate backbone
• dna replication stage 6:

  semi-conservative replication each molecule contains one strand from the original strand and one new strand