click questions quizlet

• The main propulsive force that occurs in the majority of the alimentary canal is called __________.

  peristalsis
• ______ circulation collects nutrient- rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver

  hepatic portal
• The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by __________.

  enteric nerve plexuses
• Specific enteroendocrine cells of the stomach, called G cells, are stimulated by partially digested proteins, caffeine, and rising pH. When stimulated, G cells secrete ________.

  gastrin
• the phases of gastric secretion from first to last

  cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
• what is NOT important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

  carbohydrates
• The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

  bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum
• In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the __________.

  duodenum
• __________ is/are NOT found in pancreatic secretions.

  cholecystokinin (CCK)
• bile is stored and concentrated in the

  gallbladder
• Pepsin enzymatically digests __________.

  protein
• The major site for nutrient absorption is the __________.

  small intestine
• Bacterial flora in the large intestine does NOT produce _______

  intrinsic factor
• digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the ______ of the small intestine

  microvilli
• Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of epithelial cells ________.

  occurs by simple diffusion because lipids can penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane
• what is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption?

  esophagus
• When renal calculi obstruct a ureter, pain is perceived to radiate from the lower back to the anterior abdominal wall on the same side. This is an event that ______.

  is called referred pain
• __________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine.

  nephrons
• The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the ______.

  glomerulus
• The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of _____ cells from the afferent arteriole and the _____ cells of the DCT

  granular; macula densa
• what factor contributes to the higher filtration rate in the glomerular capillaries compared with other capillary beds?

  glomerular capillaries are fenestrated

  diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole

  Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is very porous

  (ALL OF THE ABOVE)
• An important factor directly affecting the glomerular filtration rate is

  Net filtration rate
• Which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)?

  myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback
• Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus?

  glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed
• the thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb_______

  aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule
• all of the functions are carried out in the renal tubules except_____

  filtration
• what hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions into, along with sodium absorption from, filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts?

  aldosterone
• which of the following statements about the vasa recta is correct?

  the osmolality of blood plasma inside the vasa recta increases as it descends into the inner medulla
• which of the following is NOT a property used to establish the medullary osmotic gradient?

  the blood flow through the ascending and descending portions of the vasa recta
• Micturition is______

  the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra
• The concentration of sodium ions is highest in______

  blood plasma
• the concentration of bicarbonate ions is highest in______

  interstitial fluid
• Which of the following is NOT a disorder of water balance?

  excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion
• what condition is due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells?

  hyponatremia
• aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of _____ while enhancing ______ secretion

  sodium; potassium
• What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

  atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
• the single most important buffer system is the _____ buffer system

  bicarbonate
• When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system, _________.

  carbonic acid is converted into bicarbonate
• Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?

  respiratory alkalosis
• blood analysis indicates a low pH, and in response to the low pH, the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

  metabolic acidosis