AC 2.1

• Internal froms of social control

  Moral conscience or superego

  Tradition and culture

  Internalisation of social rules and molarity
• External forms of social control

  Agencies of social control

  Criminal justice system

  Corecion

  Fear of punishment
• Moran conscience


  According to Freud, we conform to soceity's expectation and obey its rules because of superego. Id, ego and superego forms out personality. Superego tells us what is right and wrong and creates guilt feelings if we do something wrong.
• Tradition and culture


  Our culture becomes part of us through socialistion. We accept its norms, values and tradition. Believers follow the religious tradtions that they have been raised in e.g. Jewsih tradition of sharing the Shabbat evening meal. Acceptance of such traditions is essential to be accepted as a member of a community.
• Internalisation of social rules

  Our superego and traditions become part of our personality and come from either our parents' rules and values for superego and from our culture and social group for traditions.We internalise those rules throughsocialisation. Society's rules and moral code become our own personal rules and moral code.
• Rational ideology


  We internalise social rules and use them to tell us what is right and wrong. This enables us to keep within the law.
• Agencies of social control


  Organisations and institutions that impose rules to make us behave in a certain way. E.g. friends may shin someone who tells tales, and teachers may give a disruptive student detention.
• The criminal justice system

  Contains agencies of social controls with formal power to impose legal sanctions:

  The police - powers to stop, search, arrest, detain, question.

  The CPS - can charge a suspect and prosecute.

  Judges and magistrates - bail or reman in custody, sentence.

  HMPS - detain inmates, punish them for misbehaviour.

  There are also positive sanctions - assisting the prosecution is likely to give a lower sentence.
• Coercion


  Threat of force in order to do something. Force may involve physical or psychological, or other forms of pressure.
• Control theory


  According to Hirschi an individual's bond to society has 4 elements: 1. Attachment. The more attached we are to others, the more we will respect their norms and less likely ot break them. 2. Commitment. The more committed to a conventional lifestyle the more risk of losing by commiting a crime, therefore more likely to conform. 3. Involvment. The more involved in lawful activities the less time and energy will have for unlawful ones. 4. Beliefs. If have been socialised to believe it is right to obey the law, the less likely to break the law.
• Parenting


  Vital to create bonds.

  Gottfredson and Hirschi argued that low self-control is a major cause of deliquency, and that this results from poor socialisation and inconsistent or absent parental discipline.

  Riley and Shaw found that lack of parental supervision was an important factor in deliquency. They argued that parent should involved in child's life, take an interest in their time in school and with friends and show strong disapproval of crime.
• Walter Reckless and socialisation


  Pointed to the importance of socialisation. There are psychological tendencies that can lead to criminality but effective socialisation can provide "internal containment" by building self-control. He also argues that external controls such as parental discipline can provide "external containment".
• Feminism


  Explain small number of female offenders arguing that women are restricted and controlled in patriarchy. e.g. number of domestic chores that they are expected to do does not leave time to committ crime.