Feminism

• First Wave Feminism


  -The feminist movement between 1790-1950 which focused on inequalities but primarily on gaining women's suffrage

  
  

  -Wollstonecraft, Mill and Gillman

  
  

  -Liberal
• Second Wave Feminism


  -The feminist movement between 1960-1980 which demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.

  
  

  -Friedan, Millet, Greer

  
  

  -Liberal, socialist, radical
• Third Wave Feminism


  -The feminist movement between 1990-2000's which aimed to promote intersectionality in the plight for equality

  
  

  -Walby

  
  

  -Postmodern, Trans, Sodialist, Liberal, Radical
• Fourth Wave Feminism


  -The feminist movement from 2000's-present which argues that minorities are ignored by mainstream feminism and that the patriarchy is misogynistic

  
  

  -Hooks

  
  

  -All types
• Difference Feminism


  The feminist view that men and women are fundamentally different due both culturally and biologically
• Equality Feminism


  The feminist view that cultural and biological differences should be eliminated in the pursuit of equality
• Essentialism


  The belief that biological differences between men and women lead to distinct differences in their fundamental nature
• Intersectionality


  The belief that women have multiple overlapping identities (Gender, race, class, age, sexuality, religion)
• Cultural Feminism


  A radical strand of feminism which seeks to challenge the dominance of male culture by promoting female culture
• Transfeminism


  A movement for trans women who view their liberation to be intrinsically linked to the liberation of all women
• Post-Feminism


  The belief that we have transcended gender inequalities
• Post-Modern Feminism


  The view that the patriarchy is far more complicated than any one ideology explains due to intersectionality
• Liberal Feminism


  -Argues for reform via democratic pressure to eliminate stereotypes and achieve societal equality

  
  

  -Wollstonecraft, Friedan, De beauvoir
• Socialist Feminism


  -Argues that capitalism causes patriarchal inequality and needs to be removed (by either reform of revolution) to achieve equality

  
  

  -Gliman (Ref), Rowbotham (Rev)
• Radical Feminism


  -Argues for the elimination of the concept of gender itself to create an egalitarian and gender-free society

  
  

  -Millet, Greer, Hooks
• Similarities between Liberal, Socialist and Radical feminists

  -There is a form of patriarchy

  -There needs to be some form of change

  -At the very least, the patriarchy must be opposed in the public sphere
• Differences between Liberal, Socialist and Radical feminists

  -Liberal fems and reformist socialist fems believe in reform whereas radical fems and revolutionary socialist fems believe in revolution

  
  

  -Liberal fems believe in challenging the patriarchy in only the public sphere, whereas socialist and radical fems believe in opposing the patriarchy in both the public and private sphere
• Simone de Beauvoir views on SHE'S (Liberal Feminist)


  State- The state reinforces male culture which limits women's freedom

  
  

  Human nature- Gender differences are not natural but are the creation of men

  
  

  Economy- Men dominate economic lie, limiting female choice

  
  

  Society- Societal norms restrain true freedom of expression of men and women
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman views on SHE'S (Socialist reformist feminist)

  State- Must be reformed

  
  

  Human nature- Women and men must be equal regardless of biological differences

  
  

  Economy- Men dominate the economy because of societal norms

  
  

  Society- Women have been assigned inferior roles, this is wrong
• Sheila Rowbotham views on SHE'S (Socialist revolutionary feminist)


  State- The state facilitates capitalism which oppresses women

  
  

  Human nature- Female consciousness is a social construct

  
  

  Economy- The free market is exploitative of women

  
  

  Society- Capitalist society reinforces the dominance of establishment males
• Kate Millet views of SHE'S (Radical feminist)


  State- The state facilitates patriarchy

  
  

  Human nature- Women are oppressed by the patriarchy and should engage in lesbian relations

  
  

  Economy- (Not a priority in her theories)

  
  

  Society- Both the public and private sphere is patriarchal
• Bell Hooks views on SHE'S (Radical/Intersectional feminist)


  State- White men dominate the state at the expense of women

  
  

  Human nature- Women have multiple identities and therefore face multiple forms of oppression

  
  

  Economy- Women face different levels of economic oppression due to their multiple identities

  
  

  Society- Class is another characteristic of a woman's multiple identities, contributing to oppression
• Compare feminist views on the State

  Hooks (White men dominate the state at the expense of women)

  
  

  vs

  
  

  Rowbotham (The state facilitates capitalism which oppresses women)
• Compare feminist views on Human Nature

  Hooks (Women have multiple identities and therefore face multiple forms of oppression)

  
  

  vs

  
  

  De Beauvoir (Gender differences are not natural but are the creation of men)
• Compare feminist views on the Economy

  Hooks (Women face different levels of economic oppression due to their multiple identities)

  
  

  vs

  
  

  Gillman (Men dominate the economy because of societal norms)
• Compare feminist views on Society

  Hooks (Class is another characteristic of a woman's multiple identities, contributing to oppression)

  
  

  vs

  
  

  Rowbotham (Capitalist society reinforces the dominance of establishment males)