indian constitution

• Zila Panchayat


  The third tier of the Panchayati Raj system, an elected body at the district level
• Zila Panchayat


  • Block Pramukh of Block Panchayat are also represented
  • Members of the State Legislature and the members of the Parliament of India are members
• Panchayat Raj Institutions


  Also known as Governments, the 73rd Amendment is about
• Levels of Panchayat


  • Panchayat at District (or apex) Level
  • Panchayat at Intermediate Level
  • Panchayat at Base Level
• Zila Panchayat


  One of the important units of Panchayat raj system at the district level
• Zila Panchayat composition


  • One member for every 40000 people, or 30000 in Malnad/hilly areas
  • Members of "Lok Sabha" and "Rajya Sabha" who represent the district
  • Member of legislature
  • Gram Panchayat presidents
• Election & Term of Zila Parishad

  1. Chairperson elected among its own members

  2. Term 5 years

  3. Election held within 6 months if dissolved
• Zila Parishad composition


  • Pradhans/Chairmen of the Panchayat Samiti within the district
  • BDOs, MPs, MLAs of that district
  • One representative from each of the cooperative societies of the district
• Every Zila Parishad consists of certain members
• Members of Zila Parishad

  • Pradhans of Panchayat Samities in the District
  • Members of the Rajya Sabha residing in the District
  • Members of the Lok Sabha elected from a Constituency which forms part of the District
  • Members of the Legislative Assembly elected from the District
  • Co-opted women, SC, ST representatives
• District Development Officer (Collector)


  Member of Zila Parishad, can speak but not vote
• Associate members


  Can speak but not vote
• Electing the Pramukh of Zila Parishad


  Electoral college consists of Pradhans of Panchayat Samities, members of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, Legislative Assembly
• Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

  IAS or state civil service officer, heads administrative machinery of Zila Parishad, supervises divisions and executes development schemes
• Functions of Zila Parishad

  • Provide essential services and facilities to rural population
  • Plan and execute development programmes for the district
  • Supply improved seeds, inform of new farming techniques
  • Construct small-scale irrigation projects and percolation tanks
  • Maintain pastures and grazing lands
  • Set up and run schools, execute adult literacy programmes, run libraries
  • Start Primary Health Centers and hospitals, run vaccination and family welfare campaigns
  • Construct bridges and roads
  • Execute plans for development of scheduled castes and tribes, run ashrams and hostels
  • Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries, implement rural employment schemes
• Powers and functions of Zila Parishad

  Make regional provision within the district with respect to subjects in the 'district list', execute or maintain works of developmental schemes
• Sources of income for Zila Parishad

  • Taxes on water, pilgrimage, markets
  • Fixed grant from State Government
  • Share from local taxes
• Seats are reserved for SC/ST, 1/3rd for women (some states 50%)
• Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

  Heads the administrative machinery of Zila Panchayat, not below rank of Deputy Commissioner
• Functions of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

  • Exercise powers conferred by law
  • Control officers and officials of Zila Panchayat
  • Supervise and control execution of works and schemes
  • Take measures for speedy execution of works and schemes
  • Have custody of papers and documents
  • Draw and disburse monies from Zila Panchayat Fund
  • Exercise other prescribed powers and functions
• Powers of Panchayats in India


  • Planning and Implementation
  • Funds Allocation
  • Social Justice
  • Natural Resource Management
  • Local Infrastructure
  • Disaster Management
• Responsibilities of Panchayats in India

  • Local Governance
  • Social Welfare
  • Economic Development
  • Environmental Conservation
  • Cultural Preservation
  • Conflict Resolution
• Panchayats play a crucial role in grassroots governance, ensuring that development reaches the most local levels and that the needs of the community are addressed effectively
• Preamble


  An introductory statement to the Constitution of India that outlines the ideals and objectives of the Constitution
• Preamble


  • Reflects the philosophy and values on which the Indian Constitution is based
  • Serves as a guide to the interpretation of the Constitution
  • Expresses the aspirations of the people and sets the tone for the entire Constitution
• Key points in the Preamble

  • Sovereign
  • Socialist
  • Secular
  • Democratic
  • Republic
  • Justice
  • Liberty
  • Equality
  • Fraternity
• Rational (in classical economic theory)

  Economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Rational agents


  • Consumers
  • Producers
  • Workers
  • Governments
• Consumers act rationally by


  Maximising their utility
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• A firm increases advertising

  Demand curve shifts right
• Demand curve shifting right

  Increases the equilibrium price and quantity
• Marginal utility


  The additional utility (satisfaction) gained from the consumption of an additional product
• If you add up marginal utility for each unit you get total utility
• Roles and Functions of Chief Minister (CM)


  • Head of the State Government
  • Executive Powers
  • Leader of the Cabinet
  • Policy Formulation
  • Legislative Functions
  • Administration
  • Financial Management
  • Crisis Management
  • Inter-State Relations
  • Development Initiatives
  • Public Interface
  • Political Leadership
  • Legal Functions
• Challenges faced by Municipal Corporations in managing and governing urban areas

  • Population Growth
  • Infrastructure Development
  • Urban Poverty and Slums
  • Traffic Congestion and Transportation
  • Environmental Degradation
  • Governance and Corruption
  • Financial Constraints
  • Land Use and Urban Planning
  • Social Inequality and Exclusion
  • Natural Disasters and Climate Change
• Power and Function of Lok Sabha

  • Legislative Authority
  • Financial Control
  • Executive Oversight
  • Representation