HHD AOS 2

• Why is smoking targeted?

  Multiple factors:

  • MAIN factor: high amount of burden of disease attributed to smoking (conditions such as CVD, cancers, respiratory disease)
  • high mortality and morbidity rates
  • affects vulnearable population groups (Indigenous, low socioeconomic status, living outside major cities)
  • it is preventable
• Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: STRATEGIES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION

  • Advocate
  • Enable
  • Mediate
• Advocate

  • refers to actions that seek to gain support from governments and societies in general to make the changes necessary to improve the factors that influence health and wellbeing for everyone.
• Examples of advocacy for H & W

  • media campaigns
  • public speaking
  • conducting and publishing of research and public opinion
  • lobbying governments
• Enable

  aims to reduce differences in health status between

  population groups by ensuring equal opportunities and resources are

  available to enable all people to achieve optimal health and wellbeing.
• Enable ensures access to :

  • healthcare
  • nutritious food
  • adequate housing
  • employment
  • education
• Mediate

  changes required to promote health and wellbeing include changes to funding, legislation and policies, and to the physical and sociocultural environment. helping these groups resolve such conflict and produce outcomes that promote health and wellbeing.
• Action Areas of the Ottawa Charter:

  • BUILD healthy public policy
  • CREATE supportive environment
  • STRENGTHEN community action
  • DEVELOP personal skills
  • REORIENT health services
• Build Healthy Public Policy

  • Decisions made by government and organisations regarding laws and policies that make it difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours
• Create supportive environments

  • Recognising impact of broader determinants
  • promoting a healthy physical and sociocultural environment
  • being safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable
• Strengthen community action

  • focuses on building links between individuals and the community, centres around the community working towards a common goal
  • giving community a sense of ownership
• Develop personal skills

  • Education to health related knowledge and skills that allow people to make informed decisions that may indirectly affect health and wellbeing
• Reorient health services

  • changing the health systems so that it promotes H & W than just focusing on diagnosing and treating illness
  • addressing ALL factors that influence H&W
  • Health PROMOTION and PREVENTION
• Application of Ottawa Health Charter to SMOKING

  1. Build: Laws and taxes
  2. Create: banning smoking near playgrounds
  3. Strengthen: links to help quit smoking
  4. Develop: TV ads that educate people on smoking
  5. Reorient: investing in research that prevents smoking
• Impact of smoking INTERVENTION on health status

  • significant decrease of the prevalence of daily smoking
  • reduced risk and rate of burden associated with smoking
• Why is road safety targetted?

  • high mortality rate
  • road related deaths & injuries affect some population groups significantly more (Indigenous, Low socioeconmic groups, young people, living outside major cities, males)
  • leading cause of death for some population groups
  • Economic impact of road crashes
  • emotional impacts to family, friends or the community
  • Disability from injury can affect mental H&W
• Application of Ottawa Health Charter to Road Safety

  1. Build: mandatory seatbelts
  2. Create: random breath testing stops to prevent drunk and drug affected people on the road, speed cameras
  3. Strengthen: providing rest stops or coffee for fatigued drivers
  4. Develop: Ads on dangers of drink driving or wet weather driving
  5. Reorient: Delivering seminars about safe road use involving ambulance drivers
• Impact of Road Safety INTERVENTIONS:

  • mortality rates or road fatality rate falling since interventions of targeting high risk regions and demographics
  • Reduced risk of drivers veering into trees or oncoming traffic
  • road trauma levels declining
• Why is skin cancer targeted?

  • Aus has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world
  • High mortality and morbidity rate
  • occupational exposures (mainly male, low socioeconomic status)
  • high economic costs (lost productivity and premature mortality)
  • emotional and mental H&W is impacted (stress, tissue removal, change of appearance, depression & anxiety, increased level of grief)
• Applications to Ottawa Health Charter: SKIN CANCER

  1. Build: banning solarium units
  2. Create: no hat, no play in schools
  3. Strengthen: providing free sunscreen for workers
  4. Develop: mass advertising campaigns to help people know when they need to use sunscreen
  5. Reorient: raising awareness of skin cancer and working with dermatologists to implement it
• Impact of skin cancer INTERVENTIONS

  • prevention of skin cancers and deaths since 1988
  • saved by the devastating effects of skin cancer on individuals and their families
  • less stress, anxiety and depression
  • lowered rates of morbidity and mortality
• Australian Dietary Guidelines: How do they assist Australians to meet various dietary recommendations

  Help Australians to:

  • develop healthy dietary patterns that will promote health and wellbeing in the community
  • reduce the risk of developing a range of diet-related conditions (hypertension, impaired glucose regulation)
  • reduce the risk of developing chronic conditions (type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers)
• How does Nutrition Australia help Australians meet various dietary recommendations?

  • provides latest info on nutrition research, current food and H&W trends through online sites and seminars
  • provides a range of resources and services aimed at helping groups and individuals to implement their own healthy eating plan
• Why was the New Public Health or the social model of health implemented as a new approach to health promotion?

  • became evident that there are many factors, often beyond the control of an individual
  • increased understanding of the significant influence that health behaviours and the physical, sociocultural and political environments have on health and wellbeing
• 5 Principles of the SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH or new public health

  1. Addresses the broader determinants (or factors) of health
  2. Involves intersectoral collaboration
  3. Acts to reduce social inequities
  4. Acts to enable access to healthcare
  5. Empowers individuals and communities
• Addresses the broader determinants or factors of health

  broader determinants such as gender, culture, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location and the physical environment.
• Involves intersectoral collaboration

  refers to ensuring the public (government) and private (service providers) sectors of the economy work together in order to achieve health-related goals
• Acts to reduce social inequities

  involves ensuring that all social groups have the same level of access to the resources that improve their health and wellbeing
• Acts to enable access to healthcare

  aiming to ensure that everybody within a community can access essential healthcare services without facing any barriers (such as financial or social barriers)
• Empowers individuals and communities

  inspiring individuals and communities to recognize their role in promoting their own health and wellbeing.
• Considerations in evaluating programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

  • actual improvements to H&W
  • number of participants taking part in the initiative
  • feedback provided by participants
  • Action areas of the Ottawa Charter that are evident
  • Whether initiative was culturally appropriate
  • Whether program has taken specific needs of the target group into account
  • Funding that has been provided to implement initiative
  • Whether the program addresses a significant health issue for Indigenous Australians
• Actual Improvements in health and wellbeing

  • conducting research to determine the level of success achieved
• The number of people who have accessed or been involved in the initiative

  • records on number of people taking part
  • increase in participants/ taking part for a long time= target audience are engaged
• Feedback provided by participants

  • info of personal experiences = indicates level of success
• Action areas of the Ottawa Charter that are evident

  • develop personal skills through the provision of education
  • strengthen community action by involvement of various stakeholders and other concerned groups in planning and implementation, EVERYONE can contribute to success of program
• Whether the initiative is culturally appropriate for Indigenous people

  • ensuring interventions are culturally appropriate increases participation and improved h&w outcomes
• whether the initiative has taken the SPECIFIC needs of Indigenous people into account

  • specific needs relating to h&w of indigenous people
  • significant gains in health outcomes = areas requiring most attention are the focus
• Funding that has been provided to implement initiative

  • adequate financial support assists intervention to plan and implement appropriately
• Whether the initiative addresses a significant health issue for Indigenous people

  • contributes to significant improvements
• How does the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating address obesity?

  • Provides recommended portions for the five food groups
  • Grain foods are high in fibre= assisting in weight management
  • High fruit consumption contains carbs= could lead to weight gain if not used for energy
  • recommends consumption of water to assist with maintaining a healthy body weight