HSB-Blood/Veins/Arteries/Capillaries/Heart

• What are the four parts of the bloods structure?

  Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• What are the features of Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)?

  Solid part

  Lacks a Nucleus

  4-5 million lmm3 of blood

  
• What are the functions of red blood cells (Erythrocytes) and where they are made? 


  Transports oxygen from lung to tissues

  Made in red bone marrow

  Destroyed in liver and spleen
• What are the two type of white blood cells(Leucocytes)?

  Phagocytes

  Lymphocytes
• What are the features of Phagocytes?

  Engulfs pathogens(bacteria)

  Amoeboid movement

  A) granular

  B) lobed

  
• What is features of a Lymphocyte?

  secretes antibodies

  A) clear

  B) large rounded

  
• What are the features of white blood cells (Leucocytes) and where they are made?


  Immune response

  Made in bone marrow, spleen and lymph notes

  Protects body from invading pathogens

  About 10,000 in lmm3 of blood
• What is Plasma?


  This is the liquid part of blood made of 90% water and 10% solutes (red and white blood platelets)
• What is Platelets?


  Assist in blood clotting

  About 250000 in lmm2 of blood

  Small colourlesss particles lacking a nueleus
• What does Blood Clotting do for the body?


  Blood Clots

  Prevents bloodloss and entry of bacteria/pathogens into the body
• Types of Blood Vessels

  The three types of blood vessels are Arteries , Capillaries and Veins
• Structure of Arteries :


  .

  
• Structure on Veins


  .

  
• Structure of Capillaries 


  .

  
• Comparing Arteries ,Veins and Capillaries


  Arteries : carry blood from the heart

  have thick elastic wall

  have oxygenated blood

  valves are absent

  
  

  Capillaries : carry blood from arterioles to venules

  very thin walls

  valves are present

  
  

  Veins : carry blood to the heart

  contain de-oxygenated blood

  valves are present
• Why is the Circulatory systemcalled the double circulatory system?

  Our circulatory system is called the double circulatory system because blood passes around the heart twice while making its way around the body
• Circulatory routes in the body

  
  

  There are two circulatory routes : The Pulmonary (carries blood from heart to lungs and back)

  The systemic (carries blood around the rest of the body and returns it to the heart)
• Cellular Respiration


  There are two types of cellular respiration:

  • Aerobic respiration - the release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen
  • Anaerobic respiration - the release of energy in the absence of oxygen
• Oxygen Debt


  Oxygen debt is caused by a build up of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration. This is "repaid" during and after excercise by rapid breathing
• Gaseous Exchange


  Characteristics of gaseous exchange :

  a large surface area so large amounts of gas can be exchanged

  thin so gases can diffuse rapidly

  rich blood supply to carry gases rapidly between the surface and the body cells
• Air


  Residual air - cannot be blown out from the lungs

  Supplemental air - can be blown out after tidal respiration

  Tidal air - exchanged during normal quiet breathing

  Complimental air - additional are that can be drawn in after tidal inspiration

  Vital Capacity - the max amount of air that you can blow out after breathing is as much air as possible
• Factors that affect breathing rate


  excercise

  anxiety

  drugs

  smoking and vaping
• What are Plasmas functions?


  transports carbon dioxide, waste, hormones, nutrients and heat to body and supplies, tissues fluids to tissues.
• Heart <3
• Steps in which blood clotting occurs

  Step 1

  Platelets and damaged blood vessels release and enzyme called thromboplastin or thrombokinase

  
  

  Step 2

  Thromboplastin acts on a blood protein called prothrombin (made in Liver) which turns into thrombin (Calcium ions are needed)

  
  

  Step 3

  Thrombin acts on a soluble protein in the blood called fibrinogen and turns into insoluble fibrin.

  
  

  Step 4

  Fibrin forms fibers

  
  

  Step 5

  Platelets and redblood cells are trapped in the fibers forming a clot

  
  

  Step 6

  Surface dries and forms a scab which prevents entry of bacteria and further blood loss
• What are the functions of the Pulmonary artery?

  carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What are the functions of the Systemic aorta?

  carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and tissues
• What are the functions of the Pulmonary vein?

  returns oxygenated blood from lungs
• What does "Diastole" mean?

  The Heart contract(relaxes) and blood fills into atrium.
• What does "Atrial Systole" mean?


  The Atrium contracts
• What does "The Ventricular Systole" mean?


  The Ventricles contract
• What are the four (4) chambers of The Heart

  The Right and Left Atrium

  The Right and Left Ventricle
• What separates the chambers of The Heart?

  The Septum
• What is a Pacemaker?

  A medical device that regulates the heart's rhythm (heartbeat).
• What is a Heart Attack?

  Blockage of blood flow to the heart.
• What are the Causes of Heart Attacks?

  Coronary Heart Disease, Atherosclerosis, Coronary thrombosis..etc
• The cause of Coronary Heart Disease?

  caused by malnutrition due to overeating fats

  the fats cholesterol is laid down on the walls of the arteries clogging them which causes hypertension
• The cause of Atherosclerosis?


  occurs when the walls of arteries harden and become less elastic.
• The cause Coronary Thrombosis?

  Blood clot

  Clogged platelets can block arteries causing oxygen to not reach heart muscle