English- USING GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS, IDEA DEVELOPMENT

• Grammatical signals - These are writing devices such as transitional devices, connectors, determiners, and repetitions, that are used to maintain text coherence.
• idea development - composing/developing ideas in a context that supports, discusses, significance, shows a connection to the given information, and is able to well organize and expound details
• 5 patterns of idea development

  1. General to particular
  2. Claim and Counterclaim
  3. Problem and Solution
  4. Cause-Effect
  5. Effect-Cause/Reason
• General to Particular

  This pattern is usually used in answering essay type tests, introducing a paper, giving background to a research paper or opening paragraphs for a discussion.
• Claim and Counterclaim

  This pattern is usually used in writing arguments.
• Claim

  Presents what one thinks is true about a topic based on knowledge and research.
• Counterclaim

  Disproves the claim with reasons and evidence.
• Problem and Solution

  This pattern presents through information through an expression of a problem, delimma, question, or a concerning(problem) that can be, or should be solved or remedied(solution/attempted solution).
• Cause-Effect

  This patter presents am analysis of reasons for, and/or the consequences of an action, event, or decision.
• Effect-Cause/reason

  This patters is the reverse presentation of the cause-effect pattern.
• Outline - A tool used in improving and organizing written ideas about a topic in a logical order
• Sentence outline - A type of outline that presents the thesis statement, major topics, subtopics, and supporting details in sentence form.
• topic outline - it is a type of outline which presents the major topics, subtopics, and supporting details in the form of words and phrases.
• Primary source - First hand information taken from original evidences.
• Secondary source - secondhand information taken from the primary source.
• syn - in synthesis means together.
• synthesizing - pulling together different ideas to come up with a new, bigger idea.
• Summarize - to shorten a long text by writing the main points in your own words.
• paraphrase - to put a passage from source material into your own words similar in length as the original.
• analyze - to break complex into smaller parts.
• infer - to use observation and background to rach a logical conclusion.
• RES method

  • Read
  • Edit
  • Synthesize
• paragraph -a group of several sentences connected together by several ideas.
• parts if a paragraph

  1. topic sentence
  2. supporting details
  3. concluding sentence
• topic sentence - presents the topic of the paragraph.
• supporting sentences - the body of your paragraph.
• concluding sentence - restates what the topic of the paragraph is all about.
• unity - means that all sentences in the paragraph talk about one equal idea.
• coherence - refers to the connection of ideas in the paragraph in general.
• development - refers to the principle when a paragraph describes, elaborates, and supports its topic sentence.
• Narrative - tells a story which can be fiction or non-fiction.
• explanation - explains a partcular subject or topic through ideas that support it.
• expository - informational text that present factual data on a topic through description, sequence, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and problem-solution.
• procedural text - lists a sequence of actions or steps needed to make or do something.
• recount - retells past events which may either be personal or factual.
• personal recount - retells past events that the writer was personally involved in.
• factual recount - retells events that also happened in real life but may not be about the writer himself/herself.
• persuasive text - intends to convince the readers/listeners to believe, perform a certain action or change mind.