Plant biotechnology

Created by

Pierre Gasly

Cards (63)

Micropropagation
The conversion of an explant into a whole transgenic plant.
Describe micropropogation using organogenesis
Explant is isolated under sterile conditions
Callus is produced in a nutrient medium containing auxin and cytokinin
Organogenesis stage 1: New shoots develop from the callus using cytokinin
Organogenesis stage 2: New roots develop from the shoots using auxin
Grow in soil or compost.
Totipotency
The ability of an individual cell to form all parts of the mature organism
Protoplast
A plant cell without a cell wall
Somatic hybridization
Production of novel hybrids between sexually incompatible plant species
Briefly describe the steps in somatic hybridisation
Protoplasts between two wild relatives are mixed and fused using chemical or a high voltage.
This produces hybrid protoplasts which are cultured to form whole plants.
How are protoplasts formed
using cellulases
how are protoplasts fused
using chemicals or a high voltage
Give an example of a plant hybrid
Common wheat
What is common wheat hybridized with and why
It is hybridized with tall wheat grass to produce a salt and drought resistant wheat
What is a transgenic plant
A genetically engineered plants
List the steps in generating GM plants
DNA construct is produced
Transformation of the plant cells with the construct
Selection of transformed cells
Regeneration of whole plants using organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis
What are the two forms of naked DNA transformation for plants
Particle bombardment is known as a microprojectile.
Electroporation.
Which plant transformation techniques are used for dicots and monocots
Naked DNA
Which plant transformation technique is used for just dicots
Natural
Gie two examples of dicots
Tomatoes and potatoes
What is plant biotechnology
The use of laboratory-based techniques for plant propagation and genetic improvement.
What is tissue culture an example of
In vitro biotechnological techniques
What is tissue culture
The culture of plant organs, tissues, cells or protoplasts on nutrient media under sterile conditions.
What techniques are used in plant tissue culture
Micropropagation.
Suspension cultures.
Somatic hybridization.
What is micropropogation used for
Plant production
Why are steile conditions used in culturing
To prevent competition for nutrients
What is an explant
A tissue section
What are the two methods used in micropropogation
Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis
What is organogenssis
The production of new organs
What does auxin promote
root growth from shoots
what does cytokinin promote
shoot growth from a callus
what is a callus
A mass of tissue made of disorganized and undifferentiated cells
What is somatic embryogeneis
The development of an embryo and whole plant from somatic cells
Describe the steps in somatic embryogenesis
Embryogenic callus. Somatic embryo. Plantlet.
What is somaclonal variation
Phenotypic variation between individual plants produced by plant tissue culture
What causes somaclonal variation
Genetic changes such as polyploidy, aneuploidy, chromosome structure and DNA sequence.
These result in genome instability.
What are the advantages of somocolal variation
It allows for genetic variation which can result in an improvement of the plants features
What is a cell suspension culture
The growth of plant cells under sterile conditions in a liquid medium using a shaking incubator
What is cell suspension culture used for
Research to produce a homogenous mass of cells.
Commercial production of secondary metabolites.
What is a secondaary metabolite
A metabolite which is not essential for the cells function
What is a primarry metabolite
A metabolite which is essential for the cells function
Give two examples of secondary metabolites in plnats
Defence against herbivores or pathogens.
give two examples of primary metabolites
ATP and glucose
How are potato and wheat cultred
Using somatic hybridization