bio

• Light Microscope


  Makes use of a beam of light to create images of objects
• Light Microscope


  • Magnification up to 2,000x
  • Resolving power up to 200
• Electron Microscope


  Used to understand/visualise subcellular structures within cells
• Electron Microscope


  • main types: Transmission (2D magnification) and Scanning (3D lower magnification)
  • up to 200million magnification
  • Resolving power up to 10.2
• 1 meter = 1000 millimeters
• 1 millimetre = 1000 micrometers
• Ribosomes


  • Protein factories in a cell
  • Protein synthesis site
  • Free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
  • Formed of RNA and protein molecules
  • Involved in processing, packaging, and shipping of proteins within the cell
• Neurons


  • Transmit electrical signals/messages through the body
  • Consist of cell body, dendrites, and axon
  • Responsible for communication in the nervous system
• Aerobic Respiration


  Occurs with oxygen and releases more energy, but at a slower rate
• Anaerobic Respiration


  Occurs without oxygen and releases less energy, but at a faster rate
• Plant Cells


  • Cell walls made from cellulose
  • Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • Large central vacuoles (permanent vacuole)
• Animal Cells


  • No cell walls
  • No chloroplasts
  • Smaller vacuoles scattered around cell
• Algal Cells


  • Cell walls made from cellulose
  • Chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • May not have large central vacuoles, instead support for storage and cell membrane
  • Contain ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, cytoplasm, and chloroplasts
• Nucleus


  Contains DNA for making proteins and controlling cell activity
• Mitochondria


  • Powerhouse of the cell, generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration to fuel cellular activities and growth
  • Vital for cell repair and maintenance
• Prokaryotic Cells


  • Flagella for movement
  • DNA is not membrane-bound, single circular chromosome
  • No defined nucleus membrane and organelles
• Eukaryotic Cells


  • Flagella or cilia for movement
  • DNA is in nucleus, organized into multiple linear chromosomes
  • Defined nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
• Nerve Cells (Neurons)


  • Function: Transmit electrical signals/messages through the body
  • Structure: Cell body, dendrites to receive signals, an axon to transmit signals
• Muscle Cells


  • Function: Responsible for movement by contracting and relaxing
  • Types: Skeletal muscle cells for voluntary movements, smooth muscle cells for involuntary movements, cardiac muscle cells for heart contractions
• Sperm Cells


  • Function: Male reproductive cells involved in fertilization
  • Structure: Head with genetic material, a midpiece with mitochondria for energy, and a tail for movement
• Diffusion


  Movement from an area of high to low concentration, leading to even distribution
• Active Transport


  Movement from an area of low to high concentration, against the concentration gradient
• Osmosis


  Water movement through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low to high solute concentration to achieve balance
• Semi-Permeable Membrane


  Acts as a filter controlling what goes in and out of the cell, allowing some molecules to pass through while blocking others to maintain internal balance
• Hypertonic


  Solution with high salt concentration compared to water
• Hypotonic


  Solution with low salt concentration compared to water
• Isotonic


  Solution where solute concentration is balanced inside and outside the cell
• Karyotype


  Complete set of an individual's chromosomes, a snapshot of an individual's DNA
• Humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 inherited from each parent
• Stem Cells


  Have the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body
• Embryonic Stem Cells


  • From embryos that can become any type of cell in the body
• Adult Stem Cells


  • Cells in adult bodies that can only develop into a limited number of cells, found in small numbers in tissues like bone marrow
• Enzymes


  Act as catalysts that speed up metabolic and chemical reactions in our body, follow the lock and key model where only certain molecules (keys) can fit into the active site, making a chemical reaction
• Organ Systems


  • Reproductive System
  • Digestive System
  • Circulatory System
  • Excretory System
  • Sensory System
  • Nervous System
  • Respiratory System
• Rejection


  Stem cells are attacked and destroyed by immune cells, occurs in conditions like autoimmune disease
• Mitosis


  Cell division where one cell divides into two identical cells, each has the same number of chromosomes as the original cell, vital for growth and repair