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• Four Major Pest Categories


  • Invertebrates
  • Weeds
  • Vertebrates
  • Plant Diseases
• Invertebrate pests


  • Mites
  • Spiders
  • Slugs
  • Insects
  • Snails
  • Sowbugs
  • Pillbugs
• Vertebrate pests


  • Birds
  • Snakes
  • Fish
  • Rodents and other mammals
• Plant disease agents


  • Fungi
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Nematodes
• Non-living plant disease agents


  • Cold
  • Heat
  • Pollutants
  • Dog urine
• Pesticide names


  • Chemical name
  • Common name
  • Product/Trade name
• Basis for classification of insecticides


  • Chemical composition
  • Mode of entry
  • Mode of action
  • Toxicity
  • Stage specificity
  • Purpose
  • Others
  • Class

  
• Botanical insecticides


  • Nicotine
  • Naphtoquinones
  • Sweet flag
  • Marigolds
  • Pyrethrum
  • Azadirachtin (Neem)
• Synthetic insecticides


  • Organochlorines
  • Organophosphates
  • Carbamates
  • Pyrethroids
• Biorational insecticide formulations


  • Growth regulators
  • Pheromones
  • Microbial formulations

  
• Pesticide classifications by purpose


  • Algicides
  • Fungicides
  • Herbicides
  • Insecticides
  • Miticides
  • Molluscicides
  • Nematicides
  • Ovicides
  • Rodenticides
  • Biopesticides
  • Fumigants
  • Repellents

  
• Pesticide classifications by chemistry


  • Inorganics
  • Organics
  • Biologicals
• Inorganic pesticides


  Molecules that do not contain carbon, including heavy metals, copper, sulfur, arsenate and fluorine compounds
• Organic pesticides


  Molecules that contain carbon, including chains, rings, and carbon-containing compounds that can be broken down by microorganisms
• Biological pesticides


  Viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, nematodes, insects and other parasites or predators
• Modes of entry of insecticides into insects


  • Contact poisons
  • Stomach poisons
  • Fumigants
  • Systemic insecticides
• Contact poisons


  Insecticides that can enter the insect's body through the spiracles, trachea or cuticle
• Stomach poisons


  Insecticides applied to leaves or plants that are ingested and act on the insect's digestive system
• Fumigants


  Volatile chemicals that are toxic to insects
• Systemic insecticides


  Chemicals that can move through a plant's vascular system and poison insects feeding on the plant
• Modes of action of insecticides


  • Physical poisons
  • Protoplasmic poisons
  • Respiratory poisons
  • Nerve poisons
  • Growth inhibitors
  • General poisons
• Physical poisons


  Insecticides that exert a physical effect to kill insects
• Protoplasmic poisons


  Toxicants that precipitate protein and destroy cellular protoplasm
• Respiratory poisons


  Insecticides that block cellular respiration
• Nerve poisons


  Insecticides that block acetylcholinesterase and affect the nervous system
• Growth inhibitors


  Insecticides that interfere with chitin synthesis and disrupt insect development
• General poisons


  Insecticides that cause neurotoxic symptoms after some time and don't fit the other categories
• Insecticide classifications by stage specificity


  • Ovicides
  • Larvicides
  • Pupicides
  • Adulticides

  
• Ovicides


  Insecticides that kill eggs
• Larvicides


  Insecticides targeted against the larval stage
• Pupicides


  Insecticides targeted against the pupal stage
• Adulticides


  Insecticides that kill adult insects
• Pesticide toxicity classifications


  • Extremely hazardous
  • Highly hazardous
  • Moderately hazardous
  • Slightly hazardous
  • Scanty hazardous
• LD50


  The dose of a substance that kills 50% of exposed organisms, usually expressed in mg/kg of body weight

  
• Product A LD50 = 400 mg/kg


  More toxic than Product B LD50 = 600 mg/kg

  
• If an individual with 100 kg body weight consumes 10 mg of a pesticide with LD50 of 0.1 mg/kg, presumably half the individuals will die immediately
• If an individual with 300 kg body weight consumes 30 mg of a pesticide with LD50 of 0.1 mg/kg, presumably half the individuals will die immediately
• If an individual with 500 lb (227 kg) body weight consumes 50 mg of a pesticide with LD50 of 0.1 mg/kg, presumably half the individuals will die immediately
• If a healthy human (70 kg) consumes 210 g of table salt with LD50 of 3,000 mg/kg, there is a 50% chance they will die due to toxicity
• Laundry bleach is very toxic, with a lethal dose of about a teaspoon