Case studies

• What was the magnitude of the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

  7.0
• What year was the Haiti erthquake?

  2010
• How many people died in the Haiti earthquake?

  230,000
• How were the roads and services affected by the earthquake in Haiti?

  Roads damaged and hospitals destroyed
• Name 3 reasons why the earthquake had such a large impact

  34% of population under 14, poor governance, no reinforced buildings, high levels of poverty and disease
• What year was the New Zealand earthquake?

  2010
• What was the magnitude of the New Zealand earthquake?

  7.1
• How many people died in the NZ earthquake?

  1
• What percentage of power was back on by 6pm in the NZ earthquake?

  90%
• What percentage of the population was elderly and how did this effect the vulnerability in the NZ earthquake?

  14.3% so this means that they weren't fit to evacuate quickly
• How was the vulnerability reduced in the NZ earthquake?

  $20m on soil compaction and reinforced housing
• How far did the ash plume reach in the Icelandic eruption?

  Northern Italy
• How many air journeys were cancelled following the Icelandic eruption?

  100,000
• What year did the volcano erupt in Icelnd?

  2010
• How many people died in the Icelandic eruption?


  None
• What did the Icelandic eruption impact globally?

  Global supply chain and car manufacturing and transport of perishable goods
• How much money was lost in African countries due to the Icelandic eruption?

  US$65m
• How many storms are averaged per year at the Philippines?

  5 or 6
• What is the Philippines?

  A multiple hazard zone
• What percentage of GDP is spent on cleaning up after typhoons?

  2%
• Canadian Tar Sands


  - worlds largest known reservoir of crude bitumen (heavy crude oil)

  - 6 mines produce 250,000 barrels of crude oil on a deaily basis

  - 200,000 tonnes of water used daily to treat bitumen
• Tar Sands - Pros

  - second largest oil field in the world

  - helps keep oil prices low

  - many jobs provided to indigenous people

  - Canada is a stable country - low risk to buy from
• Tar Sands - Cons

  - huge GHS emissions (largest in Canada)

  - vast amount of water required

  - 3 million gallons of toxic runoff per day

  - damage to surrounding habitats, water and land, including ancestral land
• Positive Feedback


  - amplify the changes in inputs and outputs

  - meaning the system responds by increasing the effects of the change, moving the system further away from it's previous state.
• Negative Feedback


  - counteract the change in the inputs and outputs

  - the system responds by decreasing the effects caused by the changes, keeping the system closer to it's previous state.
• Energy mix


  - the combination of different energy sources used to meet a country's total energy consumption

  - varies from country to country
• UK energy mix


  1980:

  -40% oil

  -20% gas

  -35% coal

  -2% hydropower

  
  

  2017:

  - 30% renewable

  - 40% gas

  - 15% coal

  - 11% nuclear

  
• World Energy Mix


  - 31% oil

  - 27% coal

  - 24% gas

  84% from fossil fuels

  - 12% renewable
• What does OPEC stand for?

  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• What is the purpose of OPEC?


  'To coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure stabilization of oil markets
• What percentage of the world's crude oil population do OPEC members collectively supply?

  37%
• How do member countries of OPEC collectively decide to adjust oil production?

  They decide collectively to raise or lower oil production in order to maintain stable prices and supply.
• Brazil deep water drilling


  - 50-80 billion barrels of oil discovered off the coast of Rio de Janeiro in 2006
• Brazil deep water drilling - pros

  - can supply huge levels of demand

  - generally cheaper than renewables

  - stable industry

  - provides jobs
• Brazil deep water drilling - cons

  - very expensive

  - very dangerous - on environment and working conditions

  - Climate Change

  - Finite resource
• Deepwater Horizon


  - 2010

  - oil spill

  - resulted in the death of 11 people and 17 people injured

  - over 87 days 4million barrels of oil flowed into the gulf of Mexico

  - took nearly 3 months to stem the flow of oil.
• Fracking


  The process of creating fractures in rocks by injecting specialised fluid into cracks to force them open further.

  Increases the rate at which water, petroleum, or natural gas can be recovered from wells
• Fracking USA


  - has created over 1.7 million wells, one well can be fracked up to 20 times

  - the industry supports 5.6% of the total American employment

  - 3.7% of methane is leaked into the atmosphere during a fracking process
• Hinkley Point C


  - nuclear power station under construction in Somerset, Eng

  - £18bn estimated cost

  - will provide low carbon electricity for 6 million homes

  - employment opportunities.
• Russian Gas - energy security

  - Russia supplied more than a 3rd of European gas - pre-war

  - Russian Pipeline gas accounted for 32%