Exam Q4

• In interpreting the taxon hierarchy, the similarity among organisms is inversely proportional to the number of species.
• Amphibians 


  Group of vertebrates relies on gas exchange across the skin as well as the lungs to maintain sufficient blood oxygen level
• Fragmentation


  method of reproduction did the algae spread so rapidly
• Rising carbon dioxide


  when you hold your breath what gas changes in the blood to urge you to breathe
• If a person cannot produce antibodies, they become very suceptible to the disease
• if a person loses all his regulatory t cells, there is a danger of developing autoimmune disorder
• What is going to happen if a person who gets their thymus removed


  They cannot make mature t cells but can still make mature b cells
• Marine vertebrates cannot survive in freshwater because their bodies are adapted to the high concentration of salt solutions. 


  freshwater has a lower concentration of solutes and will result in water entering them causing the cells to swell and burst
• Gibberellin

  Jack and the beanstalk
• a cell is known to respond to a particular signaling molecule


  It contains the receptor for the signaling molecules
• Cardiac cycle 


  Every beat
• Sexual reproduction 


  Plants are obtained from the seed, and fertilization can occur after pollination
• the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?


  Sexual reproduction requires two parents, but asexual requires one.
• sexual reproduction of plants different from animals


  In plants, sex cells join in a process called fertilization.
• primary difference between osmoregulators and osmoconformers?


  Osmoregulators expel nitrogenous waste, while osmoconformers no
• interstitial lamina 


  excretory structures found in invertebrates
• Skeleton that best provide best protection for animals


  exoskeleton
• When a stimulus activates a sensation occurs


  thermoreceptors-temperature
• When an image hits the retina, it is upside down. What flips it over so that it is right side up


  Brain
• what does "rooted" in phylogenetic tree explain


  Location of our common ancestor
• Open circulatory system


  Requires less energy for distribution than a closed circulatory system, uses less metabolic energy
• Antibody


  A component that the immune system produces in response to antigens
• Asexual reproduction

  Does not involve gametes or sex cells, single parent faster and produces genetically identical to the parent
• Auxin


  Chemical control in plants
• Basic forms of locomotion


  • Legged
  • Limbless
  • Rolling
• Nephron


  Basic unit of the kidney
• Breathing


  Mechanical process where the air volume changes in the chest cavity as air and gases move in and out of the lungs
• Camera eyes


  Rely on a single lens to focus light on the retina to create an upside-down image that the brain flips it over so that it is right side up
• Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, is needed during photosynthesis
• Innate immunity


  The body's first line of defense against pathogens, general and non-specific, does not differentiate between types of pathogens
• Adaptive immunity


  A type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated
• Osmoregulators


  Regulate their osmotic pressure, independent of the surrounding environment
• Osmoconformers


  Maintain the same osmotic pressure inside the body as outside water
• Asexual reproduction


  Generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent
• Sexual reproduction


  Two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring
• B-cells

  Produced in bone marrow and mature there
• T-cells

  Produced by bone marrow and mature at thymus
• Double fertilization


  One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other fuses with the two polar nuclei that form the endosperm
• Eardrum


  Also known as the tympanic membrane, vibrates when sound hits it
• Earthworms transport oxygen


  Fresh air is taken in through the skin, oxygen is drawn into the worm's circulatory system, and the worm's hearts pump the oxygenated blood to the head area