Week 10 - stem cell

• Different types of stem cell differentiation

  Divisional (different distribution of internal molecules like in neurogenesis Numb and Notch) and environmental asymmetry (Due to different niches like attached to basement membrane or not)
• Multipotent?

  Can different into different cell types but normally not from all germ layers
• How neurogenesis is an example of divisional asymmetry?

  Those with Notch 1 protein go to form neural progenitors while those with Numb stay as stem cell
• Properties of stem cell

  Not terminally differentiated, can have unlimited division, when divide each daughter can remain a stem cell or start on a course leading to terminal differentiation
• Types of stem cell

  Embryonic and adult and induced pluripotent and cancer stem cells
• What are adult stem cells

  Cells that can differentiate into cells of a todsue
• Examples of adult stem cell


  Intestinal epithelium stem cell and haematopoietic stem cell
• How to test if cell is really stem cell


  Grown cell on isolation and see if they can form cells in a tissue like organoids

  transplant cell into recipient tissue and show it can repopulation an organ like bone marrow transplant
• What pathways are intestinal stem cells regulate by?

  Want and Notch
• examples of adult stem cell therapies?

  Haematopoietic cell, bone marrow transplant, epidermal stem cell
• 2 sources of embryonic stem cells?

  Blastocyst and primordial germ cells of feotus
• How to produce patient specific embryonic stem cell to prevent immune rejection?


  Therapeutic cloning by taking donor oocyte and transfer nucleus from host cell to the oocyte
• Apart from nuclear transfer, what is a way to produce patient specific pluripotent stem cells?


  Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): factors that allow reprogramming to pluripotent state.
• steps from multipotent stem cell to differentiated cell?

  multipotent stem cells to committed stem cell to progenitor cell to differentiated cells
• Stem cells have different potency. examples?

  Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, tissue resident stem cells are multipotent, neuronal progenitor has limited differentiation potential
• examples of pluripotent stem cell


  Primordial germ cell, induced pluripotentn
• Examples multipotent stem cell

  Haematopoietic stem cell, mesenchymal cells
• Adult stem cells examples

  Neural stem cell, epidermal stem cells, liver, intestinal
• How to functionally test stem cells

  Transplantation
• How to functionally test a cell if it’s a stem cell?

  Organoid and transplant

  
• Optimal type of bone marrow transplant

  Autologous not allogeneic
• Danger in using pluripotent stem cell derived tissues in the clinic?

  Can form tumour