Individualistic

• Psychodynamic: Freud

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  • The theory acknowledges importance of early socialisation and impact nurture has on criminal behaviour - This is a strength because it recognises the impact that upbringing has on behaviour unlike biological theories
  • The studies were valid as they used case studies which have in depth understanding of patient - i.e. Little Hans
  • Freuds psychodynamic theory has provided practical measures such as therapy and policies for dealing with crime-This is a strength as it its applicable and can be used as policy to rehabilitate offenders
• Psychodynamic: Freud

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  • Freud refers to an unconscious mind- This is a weakness as it is very difficult to test theory of unconscious motivation as whatever is remembered can be said to be repressed Therefore it is Non Testable as it isn't scientific
  • The case studies method utilises unrepresentative samples because they are small- Therefore there are concerns about the generalisability
  • Case studies cannot be repeated -Therefore it is unreliable research method
• Psychodynamic: Bowlby

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  • Bowlby's theory is supported by his research 44 juvenile thieves- This is a Strength as the case studies use qualitative methods providing valid evidence
  • A high percentage of the "Affectionless" at 86% children had experienced maternal deprivation before the critical period- This provided evidence for theory( affectionless label was based on emotional testing)
• Psychodynamic: Bowlby

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  • Psychodynamic theories highlight how childhood experience and trauma can impact future behaviour- This is a strength as shows large percentage of prison population had experienced some form of child trauma in childhood
• Psychodynamic: Bowlby

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  • Bowlby's 44 juvenile thieves can be criticised as being retrospective -Therefore not valid because people don't always recollect past accurately
  • Study doesn't prove that maternal deprivation causes crime- It could have other explanations ie Biological, may people who don't develop positive relationship with parents in younger years don't g commit crime(only 38% of affectionless were said to be affected by maternal deprivation)
• Psychodynamic: Bowlby

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  • Sammons and Putwan state link between maternal deprivation and criminality is no longer widely accepted- Even in Bowlby's later study of 60 children experience of maternal deprivation he didn't find them to be affectionless or psychopathy
• Psychological: Eysenck

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  • Eysenck theory uses quantitative method of questionnaires on 700 soldiers that can be tested to measure personality - This is a strength as is is repeatable therefore high in reliability
  • There are consistent similar findings such as DeYoung 2010 found those who scored high on Eysenck personality test in neuroticism and extraversion have links to criminality
  • McGurk and McDougall studied juvenile offenders and non juveniles and found majority of juvenile's High in PEN
• Psychological : Eysenck

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  • Early interventions based on parenting or early treatment for people with those personality traits may help reduce crime - This is a strength as its real world Applicable
• Psychological: Eysenck

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  • Farrington examined a range of studies and found that prisoners are Neurotic and Psychotic BUT not extraverted - This is a weakness as it goes against Eysenck theory ie Jeffery Dahmer was introverted so not all criminals are extroverted
  • Eysenck questionnaires relies on self report measures- This is a weakness because this method can result in biased or false answers Therefore reduces Validity
  • This theory suggest that personality's fixed- This is a weakness at it fails to recognise and consider that it may change over time
• Learning Theory: Bandura

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  • Banduras Bobo doll study shows children had been influenced by watching criminality and aggression therefore presents a cause and effect of criminal behaviour- This is a strength as it provides a nurture explanation of offending
  • The study has been replicated and similar results have been found-This is a strength as means study is Reliable
• Learning Theory: Bandura

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  • Sutherland supports Banduras theory as he is cortical of prisons , stating they are a university of crime as people go with some criminal skills but learn more before released as the prisoners are like role models to others-This is a strength as it supports banduras theory
  • There is real life case studies such a Jon Veneables and Robert Thompson who were influenced by child play 3 to kill James Bulgar
• Learning Theories: Bandura

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  • He conducted his experiment in a lab-This is a weakness as it lacks ecological validity as it is a false environment and results may not be found in child usual environment so findings cant be trusted
  • Not every child who witness a crime go onto commit crime eg domestic abuse Similarly not all criminals have witnessed crime as a child ie fraud
  • The theory is deterministic - It suggest that all children who observe violence will go down to be violent which is not the case