Attachment & P1 - x

• Reciprocity


  Each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them. e.g. caregiver might respond to the baby's smile by saying something which then elicits a response from the baby.

  turn-taking - like a conversation
• Alert phases


  Babies signal when they are ready to interact.
• Brazelton et al


  describes the interaction between a caregiver and baby like a couples dance where each partner responds to the other's moves
• Interactional synchrony


  Caregiver and baby interact in such a way their actions mirror the other
• Meltzoff and Moore - beginning of synchrony


  Interactional synchrony begins as young as 2 yrs old

  An adult displayed 1 of 3 facial expressions or gestures. the baby's response was filmed by observers.

  Babies' expressions and gestures were more likely to mirror those of adults.
• Isabella et al


  Observed 30 mothers and babies together

  assessed degree of synchrony and quality of baby-mother attachment

  Found high levels of synchrony associated with better attachment quality
• who proposed the stages of attchmnet and how many are there?

  Scaffer and Emmerson - 4 stages
• what is the first stage and when does it occur

  Asocial stage

  behaviour towards humans and inanimate objects are similar

  some form of preference with certain ppl

  occurs in first few weeks of life
• what is the second stage and when does it occur

  Indiscriminate stage

  show a preference to humans rather than inanimate objects.

  prefer the company of familiar ppl

  no separation or stranger anxiety

  2 -7 months
• what is the third stage and when does it occur


  specific attachment

  classic signs of attachment - separation and stranger anxiety

  specific attachment formed with primary caregiver

  7 - 9 months
• what is the fourth stage and when does it occur


  multiple attachmnet

  attachmnet formed with multiple ppl they interact - secondary attachmnets

  29% of babies formed multiple attcahments 1 month after specific attachment
• Schaffer and Emerson - attachmnet to fathers


  babies became attached to mother around 7 months

  27% - mother and father main attchment figure

  3% - father main attachment figure

  75% of babies formed attachment to fathers by 18 months
• Grossman et al research procedure


  longitudinal study of babies until teen

  researchers looked at parents behaviour and its relationships to baby's later attachment to others
• Grossman et al research findings

  quality fo baby's attachment with mothers was related to attachments in adolsence

  quality of father's play with baby was related to quality of attachments in adolscence

  fathers have a role of play and stimulation
• Field - fathers as primary attachment figures


  filmed face to face interaction of 4 months old babies with:

  primary caregiver (PC) mother, secondary caregiver father and PC father.
• Field - fathers as primary attachment figures findings


  PC fathers like PC mothers spent more time smiling, imitating ad holdig baby than secondary caregiver father

  fathers have the potential to be emotion focused primary caregiver
• Lorenz's research imprinting - procedure

  experiment

  randomly divided goose eggs into 2 groups.

  one group was hatched with the mother in their natural environment (control group)

  the second group were hatched in an incubator where the first moving thing they saw was Lorenz
• Lorenz's imprinting research - findigs


  incubator group followed lorenz everywhere whereas the control group did not.

  when both chicks were mixed the incubator group continued to follow lorenz and the control group followed the mother.

  lorenz identified a critical period where imprinitng must take place

  if imprinitng doe not take place the chick does not attach themsleves to a mother figure
• Harlow's monkey research - procedure


  2 wire models were presented to a monkey.:

  a plain wire 'mother' which dispesed milk and a cloth covered wire 'mother' which did not dispense milk
• Harlow's monkey research - findings


  the monkey cuddled and sortt comfort form the cloth covered mode regardless of which mother dispensed milk.

  this shows contact comfort is more important than food when it comes to attachment behaviour
• Harlow's monkeys - maternal deprevation


  Monkeys reared with the plain wire model were the most dysfunctional

  even those reared with the clothe covered mother did not develop normal social behvaiour

  mokeys were more aggressive, less sociable and bred less than other monkeys

  when they became mother some attacked and neglected their children

  some even killed them.
• Critical peiod for monkey


  90 days
• Cupboard love


  we form attachmnets to those who feed us
• Learning theory - Classical conditioning


  caregiver = NS

  cargiver gives food overtime - become assoiated wiht food

  the sight of the caregiver creates a conditioned response of pleasure
• Learning theory - Operant conditioning


  if a behviour produces an unpleasent consequence it is less likey to be repeated

  the caregiver tends to the baby when they cry (to avoid the unpleasent consequence - crying) - negative reinforcement
• Bowlby's monotropic theory


  a child forms an attachment to a figure

  this attachment is more different and unique than the others
• law of continuity


  the more constant and predictable a child's care, the better quality of attachment
• Law of accumulated separation


  the effects of every spearation form the mother adds up. therefore the safetst does is the 0 dose
• Social releasers


  set of innate cute behaviour to encourage attention form adults
• Critical period for babies/sensitive period


  form 6 months - 2 years
• Internal working model (IWM)

  a mental representation of a relationship is formed based on their relationship with a caregiver.

  good relationship with caregiver = expect all relationships to be good.
• Who was the strange situation developed by?


  Ainsworth and Bell
• Features of the SS


  controlled observation

  lab experiment

  2 way mirror/cameras used
• Behaviours judged in the SS

  Proximity seeking

  Exploration

  Secure base behaviour

  stranger anxiety

  separation anxiety

  response to reunion
• 3 types of attachemnt


  Type B = secure attachment - explore happily and regularly go back to caregiver. moderate separation and stranger anxiety. accept comfort at return. 60-75% of British babies

  
  

  Type A = insecure-avoidant attachment - explore freely, no promity seeking or secure base behaviour. little to no separation or stranger reaction. little reaction at return, may even avoid caregiver. 20-25% British babies

  
  

  Type C = insecure-resistant attachment - seek greater proximity and explore less. high levels of separation and stranger anxiety. resist comfort at reunion. 3% British babies
• Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg


  studied proportions of the types of attachments across a range of countries to assess cultural variation
• Study of cultural variation - procedure


  32 studied of attachment where the SS had been used. these studies were conducted in 8 countries - 15 of which in the US.

  1990 children. data from these 32 studies were meta analysed
• Study of cultural variation - findings

  secure attachment most common in all countries, however, proprtions varied - Britain = 75% China = 50%

  for an individualist culture, rates for insecure-resistant were similar to Ainsworth (under 14%)

  for collectivist cultures, insecure-resistant rates were 25% and insecure avoidant rates were lower

  variations of results within the country were 150% greater than between countries
• Studies of cultural variation - Italian study

  Simonelli et al

  76 babies - 12 months

  50% secure, 36% insecure avoidant

  reason of low secure % is due to mothers working longer hours
• Studies of cultural variation - Korean study

  Jin et al

  87 babies

  insecure and secure data was similar to other countries.

  more babies were insecure resistant and only 1 baby was avoidant

  similar results found in japan