Globalisation

• globalisation, definition


  World is more interconnected via technology increase
• definitions include


  It is increasing global culture and exchanging of products

  -Cochrane & Pain say emergence of global economic, cultural system, incorporating people of world into single global society

  -Cohen & Kennedy transformation of the world, including changes of time and space and shared problems

  -Giddens says, intensification of worldwide, social relations, which link distant localities to global saw event in one place of the country affect elsewhere, which has global village
• problems with the definitions

  Doesn’t happen at the same rate everywhere, such as tribal communities

  Affect some more than others

  Sociologists look at it differently
• Awa Tribe


  no contact with outside world and live in rural isolated areas, such as Brazil, Amazon, rainforest and outsiders are threatening to destroy their forest home, so they fight for their life by using new communications, such as Internet and created a website

  Negative impacts such as loss of habitat for their tribes as they exploited

  But digital communication helps, spread awareness and set up petitions
• Digital revolution


  Technology created rapid increase in globalisation and society is rapidly changing due to new forms of media. Data and information now stored on access all around the globe internationally through things, such as Microsoft android Apple and it is new platforms of media such as before used to be paper, but now is a Kindle and also TV has evolved and newspapers were written, but now are online
• Digital revolution studies examples

  Giddens discusses the speed of change on the 24 hour clock

  New media and social media such as books, turning to kindles and newspapers online now and stuff like Snapchat Instagram
• media convergence


  Information combined and delivered in one format

  Boyle discusses how websites can include videos, text images and also mobile phones which have the Internet photo social media email et cetera

  Examples: phone, website
• media convergence extra


  Social media platforms communicate with each other to share contacts such as gaining access information about Facebook friends on Instagram

  Althusser - media is a tool that distracts proletariat from their oppression and ideological state operators as digital communication has developed rapidly in the west, so has western capitalist ideas
• Big data


  Large amounts of data, stored online that may have been on paper previously such as Encyclopedia, now being on things, such as Wikipedia and the Internet has increased the volume of data

  Reveal patterns and trends

  Examples: Internet

  Advantages: reduce costs as easy to access

  Disadvantages: rapid changes occur so might not be up-to-date
• Global village: easier to keep in contact with people globally

  Giddens - says digital communication allows us to keep in contact with friends, family and others via the Internet and social media that you may not be able to see face-to-face. World global villages are the people who maintain contact as not always can see face-to-face. So interact online such as on Instagram, Snapchat WhatsApp

  Ritzer- global culture, and Americanisation
• Global village


  Carter- cyber and digital communication has created a maintain social relationships via the Internet and cyber city was a virtual community where people visited once a day

  Cyber city meant people invest effort in maintaining relationships, compared to other social spaces and people who meet someone online due. In fact, continue these online friendships in off-line lives by meeting in person which is cyberspace and people maintain relationships with people globally

  Examples: LinkedIn or WhatsApp
• social networks


  Due to globalisation, social media means we now form virtual networks where people interact with friends and others linked to hobbies and interests and relationships have moved online such as the Internet Snapchat Instagram

  People rely on the Internet for creating a maintaining work relationships and finding jobs such as: Indeed or LinkedIn
• social networks


  Bourdieu- those with access to information create social network which leads to greater employability and having relationships on a global level leads to social capital, which is connections and also discusses, economic and cultural capital
• social networks


  Putnam- social capital is declining and people are forming less face-to-face connections. Due to increase globalisation and less people are involved volunteering people, sign petitions and meet neighbours and friends less frequently due to virtual connections increasing
• social networks


  We have become armchair activist which is when someone sits in an armchair, hypothetically blogs or post about issues in the world without actually doing anything about it so basically they’re lazy it did it does help by raising awareness, but they don’t actually do anything in campaigns such as #black lives, matter, or #blue for sedan or COVID-19
• social networks


  Castells- lots of power in online networks so now we are living in a digital age where people work online instead of industrial work in factories people at the bottom luck access to network so feel excluded and don’t have the power to do anything and this keeps capitalism running smoothly, and the proletariat are exploited in the digital age, and have little chance of social mobility due to lack of skills
• globalisation – movements online

  extinction rebellion – international movement about climate change and that we should reduce the use of fossil fuels, social media raised awareness, but didn’t actually do anything because they protested daily and positive as awareness race, but however negative as didn’t really have an impact because people still use petrol to fill up the calls on a daily
• globalisation – movements online

  #Everdaysexismproject, Laura Bates- set up, so that women could share their experiences of sexism and created a global village and positive impact on gender inequality

  Positive as raised awareness and women felt more brave to report sexual harassment to the British police and
• globalisation – movements online

  #Upskirting- taking a picture of a upwoman’s skirt,

  Digital revolution has made it easier to share

  Improvements in technology has actually led to an increase in up skirting as now it’s easier to do it discreetly on a phones camera

  Positive impact is that it’s become illegal now due to the media, raising awareness of how bad it is
• globalisation movements online


  #BlueForSudan- social media movement that began in Sudan after the death of Mohammed Matar who was shot during the Khartoum massacre

  Positive is that it led to the government coming out of power and raised awareness due to people posting globally about it and united them

  Negative is that there wasn’t really a proper change as people were armchair, activist and a lot died such as 500 who died
• globalisation – movements online

  #BlackLivesMatter- social media movement where there was violence and racism against black people and social media raised awareness of it

  Positive is that a reduce the discrimination and the police officer was arrested and charged

  Negative could be that people were armchair activists
• globalisation – movements online


  #JAGARHAR- social movement that intervened and helped those facing hate speech online in Sweden, mainly on Facebook

  Positive is that it raised awareness

  Negative is that it only spread to Europe
• globalisation – movements online

  Arab spring— series of anti-government, protests and rebellion across the Arab Arab world to stand up for their economic crisis and poverty. It started in Tunisia and then moved onto more Arab countries and places

  Is that raised awareness and presidents were dealt with, and there was democracy and overthrow the government

  Negative is that it actually led to the war in Syria, and left a gap in power
• globalisation – movements online

  #Women2Drive- women in Saudi Arabia were banned from driving so it was set up to fight back for their rights to drive in the kingdom officially started on YouTube of a video of a woman driving the # BecameTrendingOnFacebook

  Positive is that due to global pressure there was a law change and now women can actually drive in Saudi Arabia
• globalisation – movements online

  Awa Tribe- movement of people from over 100 countries fighting for their tribal peoples respect and human rights, they set up a website called tribal net and raised awareness that people wanted to destroy their habitat, which was the Amazon rainforest

  So a positive is that the website actually stopped the companies from doing so due to global recognition and awareness
• globalisation – movements online

  Armchair, activism – person who supports a political and social course without actually doing anything, but just does it from the comfort of their armchair, such as just posting something online, but not actually doing something. For example, when it was black lives matter or blue for Sudan
• globalisation – movements online linked to social medias used


  #Women2Drive- started on YouTube, but spread on Twitter and Facebook

  #BlueForSudan– trend on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, as people posted a blue screen

  #BlackLivesMatter,– trend on Instagram, Twitter, TikTok on Facebook as people posted a black screen

  #JAGARHAR- trend on Twitter on Facebook
• globalisation – movements online linked to social media used


  #EveryDaySexismProject– trend on Twitter, Facebook and on the Internet as the website

  #ExtinctionRebellion– trended on Twitter on Facebook

  armchair, activism – on any social media, such as Instagram or Twitter
• storing and collecting data


  Idea that you can store more paperless

  Examples: Wikipedia, Google, iCloud COVID-19, apps, and this has advanced such as surveillance via cook
• cultural homogenisation


  Create one culture, where all people are the same
• cultural defence


  Cultures and societies defend their traditional culture by rejecting homogenisation

  Examples: Awa Tribe
• Digital divide – inequality increased

  Age – digital generational, divide

  Class – digital underclass, Mertens & D’Haenens

  Awa Tribe
• issues with defining globalisation

  Doesn't happen at the same rate everywhere such as tribal communities

  Affect some more than others

  Sociologist look at it differently
• marxism perspective


  Cornford & Robbins- continuation of power in hands of few such as the bourgeoisie

  Cornford & Robbins- surveillance such as cookies

  Snowden- sharing and stealing data

  Putnam- declining, social capital
• feminism


  Positive:

  Haraway- women freed themselves from patriarchy online, such as creating new identity and games. Gender neutral uses

  #EverydaySexismProject

  #MeToo
• feminism


  Negative:

  Human trafficking – led to more opportunities for criminals to exploit women

  #UpSkirting

  #RevengePorn
• post modernism


  Positive is can construct identity

  Negative is sexual predators and grooming
• post modernism


  Locke & Pascko- people adopt identity as they free from physical body

  Case- Facebook replacing old biographies as you can look back at memories, such as stories on Snapchat memories

  Hart- Facebook posts are superficial

  Foucalt- surveillance is positive as people know if they’re being watched and they behave better which reduces crime

  Miller- set up post and used ethnography to identify consequences of social media for people around the world from found 15 discoveries
• Bivens


  A03 to Marxism

  Anyone with a phone can capture a story and become a citizen journalist

  These are members of the public who find themselves at the scene of the incident before the journalist arrives or film events and break stories by posting on social media, such as YouTube, Twitter, Instagram or TikTok

  For example, it could be racism on a bus fight and riots

  Citizens control media over mainstream media