Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response called habituation.
Subthreshold stimulus is a stimulus that is too weak to elicit a response.
Dishabituation is the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occured.
Dishabituation is temporary and always refers to changes in response to the original stimulus.
Associativelearning is the creation of a pairing, or association, either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response.
Classical conditioning takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli.
When a stimulus does not produce a reflexive response it is known as a neutral stimulus.
A conditionedresponse is the reflexive response caused by a conditioned stimulus.
Acquisition is the process of using a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus.
Extinction is the loss of a conditioned response.
Extinction can happen when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Generalization is when a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response.
In stimuli discrimination an organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli.
Operant conditioning examines the ways in which consequences of voluntary behaviors change the frequency of those behaviors.
Operant conditioning is associated with B F Skinner.
Behaviorism is the theory that all behaviors are conditioned. This is associated with B F Skinner.
Reward-Seeking Behaviors are things such as foraging and approachbehaviors.
Reinforcement is the process of increasing likelihood that an animal will perform a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement increase the frequency of a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior.
Negative reinforces increase the frequency of a behavior, by removingsomethingunpleasent.
Escape Learning is when something experiences an unpleasant stimulus, so they display the desired behavior in order to have the stimulus removed.
AvoidanceLearning occurs when an animal displays the desired behaviors in anticipation of the unpleasant stimulus, thereby avoiding the unpleasantstimulus.
A conditioned reinforcer is also called a secondary reinforcer.
A discriminative stimulus indicates that reward is potentially available for the response.
Punishment uses conditioning to reduce the occurence of a behavior.
Positive Punishment addsanunpleasantconsequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior.
Positive punishment involves using something unpleasant to discourage a behavior, and is also called aversive conditioning.
NegativePunishment is removing a stimulus in order to cause reduction of a behavior.
Fixed-Ratio Schedule reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior.
Continuous Reinforcement is a fixed-ratio schedule in which the behavior is rewarded everytime it is performed.
Variable-Ratio Schedules reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior, but the average # of performances is relatively constant.
Fixed-Interval Schedules reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed.
Variable-Interval Schedules reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time.
Formal sanctions can be used to reinforce or punish behavior.
Formal Sanctions go with rules and laws.
InformalSanctions can be used to reinforce or punish a social behavior without depending on rules established by socialinstitutions.
Variable-Ratio schedules have the fastest response rate.
Shaping is the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors that become closer to a desired response.
Latentlearning is learning that occurs without a reward but is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced.
Observational Learning is the process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others.