CODING:

• STRENGTH:

  • identified a clear difference between two memory stores
  • Later research showed that there are some exceptions to Baddeley's findings
  • But the idea that STM uses mostly acoustic coding and LTM mostly semantic has stood the test of time.

  This was an important step in our understanding of the memory system, which led to the multi-store model
• LIMITATION:

  used artificial stimuli rather than meaningful material

  For example, the word lists had no personal meaning to pp

  So Baddeley's findings may not tell us much about coding in different kinds of memory tasks, especially in everyday life

  When processing more meaningful information, people may use semantic coding even for STM tasks

  This suggests that the findings from this study have limited application