Neuropsych

• What can neurological disorders be caused by?

  Disease

  Physical Trauma

  Genetic Predisposition
• What are gyri and sulci?

  gyri (ridges) and sulci (grooves)
• Name five types of cerebral infection

  Encephalitis

  Meningitis

  Cerebral Abcess

  HIV Infection

  Spongiform
• What is encephalitis?


  inflammation of the brain
• What is meningitis?


  infection of the meninges
• What is a Cerebral Abscess?

  Localised inflammation of the brain
• What can HIV lead to in the brain?

  Progressive cortical atrophy
• What can the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Variant - spongiform encephalopathy, lead to in the brain?

  mood changes and cognitive loss
• Name four types of traumatic brain injury

  Concussion

  Closed Head injury

  contusion

  CTE
• What can a Closed Head Injury lead to?

  loss of consciousness

  impaired vision and STM

  ​
• what is contusion?


  bruising of the brain
• Why do strokes happen?

  the blockage or breaking of blood vessels in the brain
• What is occlusion?


  the blockage or closing of a blood vessel or hollow organ
• What is ischemia?


  an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
• What is a Haemorrhage?

  bleeding from damaged blood vessels
• What is Infarction?


  area of dead tissue
• What is a thrombotic stroke?


  the process of clot formation results in a narrowing of the lumen, which blocks the passage of the blood through the artery
• What is an embolic stroke?

  Where a blood clot causes a blood vessel to become occluded depriving the brain of oxygen
• What are the long term symptoms of stroke?

  Aphasia

  Agnosia

  Apraxia

  Paralysis
• What interaction does depression have with strokes?

  it can either be an outcome or a cause (May et al., 2002)
• What impairments are associated with Vascular Dementia?

  attention

  executive functioning

  speed of processing

  step-wise decline in performance
• What are brain tumours caused by?

  uncontrolled cell division in the brain or the meninges
• What are the most common forms of degenerative dementia?

  Alzheimers Disease

  Vascular Dementia

  Parkinson's Disease

  Huntington's Disease

  Multiple Sclerosis
• What are some of the difficulties in the diagnosis of degenerative disorders?

  Has to be distinguished from normal aging

  Different to distinguish between disorders

  Diagnosis is compounded with psychological problems associated with aging (mood)

  Can differ person to person
• What are characteristic of Alzheimers Disease?

  Impairments in STM

  Aphasia

  Apraxia

  Agnosia

  Irritability and Paranoid behaviour
• What is the life expectancy of Alzheimers patients from onset?

  8-10 years
• What are risk factors for Alzheimers Disease?

  older population, genetic, hospitalization, medical conditions
• What is Alzheimer's Disease caused by?

  Beta amyloid plaques linked to neurofibblary tangles

  ​
• What is Parkinson's Disease caused by?

  Damage to the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia - leading to the depletion of dopamine making cells
• What is Huntington's disease?

  degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by a genetic predisposition that leads to cell death in the basal ganglia
• What is the basal ganglia?


  a set of interconnected nuclei beneath the frontal and temporal lobes - contribute to adaptive and maladaptive habits
• What are symptoms of cortico-basal degeneration?

  Motor control issues

  cognitive dysfunction

  Jerky postural tremor
• What is multiple sclerosis?

  A disease in which the immune system eats away at the myelin sheath of nerve cells
• What are deficits associated with MS?

  Attention

  Memory

  Information processing speed
• What are the core diagnostic criteria of posterior cortical atrophy?

  Insidious onset and gradual progression - absence of stroke

  Visual complaints in the absence of ocular disease

  Relative preservation of anterograde memory early in the disorder

  Disabling visual impairment throughout
• What neurology has to be present in the diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy?

  deficits referrable to occipital and parietal lobes

  ​
• What is AMPLE in the diagnosis of cognitive impairments in neurological disorders?

  A - Attention and arousal deficits

  M - Memory and learning deficits

  P - Perceptual-visual deficits

  L - Language deficits

  E - Executive functioning deficits
• What is aphasia?


  loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.
• What is apraxia?


  Loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned (familiar) movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements
• What is agnosia?


  inability to recognize objects