Plant Growth and Development

• T or F: Only angiosperms has a dominant stage of sporophytic

  False
• T or F: Both angiosperms and gymnosperms has sporophytic stage as their dominant stage


  True
• T or F: Events in plant life cycle

  Seed germination -> vegetative growth -> seedling growth -> reproductive growth -> flower development

  False
• T or F: Events in plant life cycle

  Reproductive growth -> Flower development -> fertilization -> embryogenesis -> fruit development -> pollination -> seed dormancy

  False
• T or F: Spores are diploid and gametes are haploid

  False
• T or F: A haploid phase is a gametophyte and a diploid phase is a sporophyte

  True
• T or F: sporophyte is a dominant phase in non-vascular plants

  False
• T or F: sporophyte produces sporocytes (n) that produces spores (n)

  False
• T or F: gametophyte is a dominant phase in bryophytes

  True
• T or F: The gametophyte (n) produces the gametes (n) True
• T or F: Meiosis occurs in megasporocytes within the ovules of ovaries, and in microsporocytes within the anthers of stamens

  True
• Gametogenesis by the gametophyte

  • Megagametogenesis (oogensis)
  • Microgametogenesis (spermatogenesis)
• Double fertilization


  Special fertilization where female gametophyte joins with two male gametes
• T or F: The formation and development of an embryo serves to specify meristems and shoot-root body pattern

  True
• T or F: the formation and development of an embryo serves to differentiate primary plant type tissue

  True
• Main events in plant embryogenesis

  • Establishment of body plan
  • Establishment of meristems
  • Establishment of food reserve
  • Formation of the seed
• T or F: Monocots do not have cotyledons since their primary food source is endosperm

  False
• Seed coat


  Protective out covering that encloses plant embryo and food reserve
• Types of seeds

  • orthodox seeds
  • recalcitrant seeds
• T or F: orthodox seeds have a low tolerance to desiccation

  False
• T or F: Recalcitrant seeds have a low tolerance to desiccation

  True
• T or F: Recalcitrant seeds have a longer period of dormancy and quiescence than orthodox seeds since germination occurs quickly after dispersal

  False
• T or F: in deserts or grasslands, you may encounter orthodox seeds

  true
• T or F: in forests with higher competition with other plants, recalcitrant seeds are found

  True
• T or F: Recalcitrant seeds have low storage due to high dessication tolerance

  False
• T or F: Orthodox seeds are easier to store because it can tolerate desiccation

  True
• Seed dormancy


  State of the seed that does not permit germination although conditions for germination may be favorable
• T or F: Seed dormancy can be broken when seed receives appropriate environmental signals like light, temperature regime, and/or specific compounds

  True
• Primary dormancy


  Seeds become dormant upon release from the mother plant (usual dormancy observed)
• Secondary Dormancy


  Imposition of new dormancy mechanism to a non-dormant seed during unfavorable conditions (induced by seeds)
• T or F: seed dormancy is needed to increase the survivability of the seeds

  True
• T or F: Seed dormancy ensures that seed germinates once environment is favorable

  true
• Types of dormancy

  • Physiological dormancy
  • Morphological dormancy
  • Physical dormancy
  • Chemical dormancy
• Physiological dormancy


  Refers to physiological mechanisms (e.g., hormones) in the embryo and/ or its surrounding structures (endosperm, seed coat) that prevent radicle emergence
• Morphological dormancy


  The embryos inside the seeds are small, underdeveloped, and undifferentiated
• Physical dormancy


  Seed coats are too hard to allow the embryo to expand during germination
• Chemical dormancy


  The presence of chemical inhibitors in the outer covering
• T or F: in chemical dormancy, water-soluble inhibitors are removed when the seed receives water while water-insoluble inhibitors are washed out by water

  True
• Seed germination


  Germination includes events that commence with imbibition (water uptake for metabolic activities) of water by the seed and terminate with the elongation of the embryonic axis
• After germination, the plant passes through life phases

  1. Seedling
  2. Vegetative
  3. Reproductive