Bone fractures

    Cards (13)

    • Classification of fractures: complete
      • Transverse
      • Oblique
      • Spiral
      • Comminute
      • Impacted
      • Avulsion
    • Classification of fractures: incomplete
      • Fissure - crack in bone
      • Greenstick - one side broken
      • Depression - broken portion pressed inward
    • Bone fracture healing: simple steps
      1. Hematoma formation
      2. Soft callus formation
      3. Bony callus formation
      4. Bone remodelling
    • Bone fracture healing: step 1: hematoma formation
      1. Localised clotted blood from broken blood vessels initiates pro-inflammatory reaction
      2. Cell debris cleared by phagocytes
      3. Oesteoclasts remove necrotic bone
    • Bone fracture healing: step 2: Soft callus formation
      1. New blood vessels appear
      2. Network of soft spongy bone, fibrous tissue, and cartilage is formed
      3. This fibrocartilaginous callus bridges both sites of fracture
    • Bone fracture healing step 3: bony callus formation
      1. The soft callus undergoes ossification
      2. Hardening of the callus peripherally and progressively moves towards centre of fracture
    • Bone fracture healing step 4: bone remodelling
      1. Excess spongy bone removed
      2. Spongy bone converted into compact bone
    • classification of fractures: complete: Transverse
      Transverse = straight across bone
    • classification of fractures: complete: oblique
      oblique - diagonal across bone
    • classification of fractures: complete: spiral
      spiral = one or both halves of bone twisted
    • classification of fractures: complete: comminute
      comminute = several small pieces
    • classification of fractures: complete: impacted
      impacted = one broken end driven into other broken end
    • classification of fractures: complete: avulsion
      avulsion = small piece attached to tendon, or ligament gets pulled away from main mass of bone
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