Exam 1

• 4 stages of child development created by Jean Piaget.
• Sensorimotor Stage

  • 0-2 years old
  • learns about world through movements & sensations
  • basic actions (sucking, grasping, looking, listening) that assist in learning about environment
  • learn object permanence
  • realise they're separate beings from people and objects around them
  • realise their actions cause things to happen
• Preoperational Stage

  • 2-7 years old
  • begins to think symbolically
  • learns to use words & pictures to represent objects
  • egocentric
  • improvement in language & thinking, but still think in very concrete terms
• Concrete Operational Stage

  • 7-11 years old
  • starts to think logically about concrete events
  • begins to understand the concept of conservation
  • thinking becomes more logical & organised, still very concrete
  • begins using inductive logic/reasoning (reasoning from specific information to a general principle)
• Formal Operational Stage

  • 12+ years
  • begins to think abstractly
  • reasons about hypothetical problems
  • starts to think about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
  • deductive logic/reasoning (from a general principle to specific information
• Enriched environment: A stimulating environment that provides a variety of experiences and opportunities for children to explore and learn.
• Deprived environment: Absence of environmental conditions that stimulate intellectual and behavioural development, such as educational, recreational, and social opportunities.
• Enriched environment effect on development: Increased myelination. Enhances and promotes social and perceptual motor experience and learning.
• Deprived environment effect on development: Disrupts ways in which children's brains develop and process information. Increased risk in attentional, emotional, cognitive, and social disorders.
• • Feral children: Children who, through either accidental or deliberate isolation, have grown up with limited human contact.
  • Little to no experience of human care, social behaviour, or language
  • Lack basics of primary and secondary socialisation
  • Can learn speech and language, but cannot learn grammar, due to undeveloped Broca's area
• Stage 1

  • mother, infant, observer
  • observer introduces mother and baby to experimental room, then leaves
• Stage 2

  • mother, infant
  • mother in nonparticipant while baby explores
  • if necessary, play is stimulated after 2 minutes
• Stage 3

  • stranger, mother, infant
  • stranger enters
  • (minute 1) stranger silent
  • (minute 2) stranger talks with mother
  • (minute 3) stranger approaches baby
• Stage 4

  • stranger, infant
  • first separation episode
  • stranger's behaviour is geared to that of baby
• Stage 5

  • mother, infant
  • first reunion episode
  • mother greets and comforts baby, then tries to settle baby into play
• Stage 6

  • infant
  • second separation episode
• Stage 7

  • stranger, infant
  • continuation of second separation
  • stranger enters and gears behaviour to that of baby
• Stage 8

  • mother, infant
  • second reunion episode
  • mother enters, greets baby
  • stranger leaves
• Attachment styles:

  • secure
  • resistant/ambivalent
  • avoidant
• Secure attachment style:

  • distressed when mother leaves
  • avoidant of stranger when alone, friendly when with mother
  • positive and happy when mother returns
  • uses mother as a safe base to explore their environment
  • 70%
• Resistant/Ambivalent attachment style:

  • intense distress when mother leaves
  • infant avoids stranger
  • shows fear of stranger
  • infant approaches mother, but resists contact, may even push her away
  • infant cries more and explore less than the other styles
  • 15%
• Avoidant attachment style:

  • no sign of distress when mother leaves
  • infant is okay with stranger and plays normally when stranger is present
  • infant shows little interest when mother returns
  • mother and stranger are able to comfort the infant equally well
  • 15%