what the roles of the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain play in football
in football, the hindbrain is important for motor functions, and vital autonomic responses like heart rate and breathing. the midbrain is important for movement, processing of visual, and auditory information. the forebrain is important for coordinating these brain activities.
CTE is particularly associated with contact sports. there is currently no medical or psychological test to diagnosis a living person. If CTE is suspected, then a range of medical and neurological assessments may be undertaken to rule out other possible causes.
CTE can only be properly diagnosed in an autopsy by examining sections of the brain. For example,the brain of an individual thought to have suffered from CTE has areas that have gradually wasted away (atrophy).
Many symptoms are similar to those of other degenerative brain conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. symptoms are initially mild but progress over time to become more severe. symptoms may not be experienced until years or decades after the brain injury occurs. Symptoms may include: loss of memory, e.g. asking the same question several times. mood changes, e.g. frequent mood swings, depression, feeling frustrated, agitated or aggressive. personality changes, eg. difficulty controlling impulsive or erratic
behaviour. increasing confusion and disorientation, e.g. not knowing what time of day it is.
why friendship/relationships are important for someone with CTE
a person with CTE will need the extra support of a loved one through this tough time. they can help the person get better or cope better. it is better than going through it alone.
she is the first female athlete to be diagnosed with CTE and her story is informing because as women's participation in contact sport continues to grow, so too does their risk of repetitive brain trauma. it is a wake up call and warns other female players to be careful and wear helmets.
can Heather's experience be applied to all afl athletes
yes because there is a high risk of CTE in contact sports involving getting several blows to the head and repeated concussions and head injuries. it is not just women who are at risk, it is everyone.
why athletes wearing a helmet reduces the risk of injuries to the head
Helmets reduce potential injury by linear or direct impact forces by dissipating energy using the foam and shell. Axonal shear injuries result from rapid deceleration or rapid rotation of the head. wearing a helmet reduces the acceleration of the head upon impact.
social isolation, e.g. difficulties in making and keeping friends
• altered personal relationships• disrupted family relationships• changes to living arrangements• social role changes• different vocational capabilities• different educational opportunities • financial hardship• legal restrictions• social stigma
often referred to as functional plasticity or adaptive plasticity to distinguish it from plasticity primarily associated with the developing brain. How the brain changes in responseto injury, and the effectiveness of its response, depends on the cause, location, degree and extent of the damage, and the age at which the injury occurs.
For example, a brain injury may be due to a neurodegenerative disorder or involve a malignant, rapidly spreading tumor that is unstoppable, let alone recoverable. Similarly, some parts of the brain are unable to recover to any extent from injury, especially hindbrain or brain stem structures. And some injuries to these areas are so severe that the patient may remain on life support in a coma indefinitely.
Neuroplasticity is age-dependent. it is quicker and more substantial in the earlier years, particularly in infancy and early childhood. As we grow older the brain gradually loses the ability to compensate for damage, but not necessarily altogether. Recovery from traumatic brain injury by children in particular can be remarkable. However, there are also cases among children where any measurable recovery does not occur.
A brain injury is any type of brain damage or disorder that impairs or interferes with the normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or permanently. The term 'brain injury' is most commonly used in relation to damage or disorders that occur after birth.
How is acquired brain injury differentiated from neurodevelopmental disorders?
Any brain damage or disorder due to a developmental condition is not considered to be a brain injury. The term acquired brain injury is therefore commonly used to differentiate brain injury from neurodevelopmental disorders (such as autism and ADHD) that a person is born wit
these include accidental causes such as falls and sporting incidents, intentional blows to the head, violent shaking of the head, stroke, alcohol and other drugs, lack of oxygen, brain surgery, infection (such as meningitis), brain inflammation (such
as encephalitis), epilepsy and degenerative brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, motor neurone disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
yes because CTE is an acquired brain injury. CTE is a generative brain disorder and not a developmental condition that someone is born with. CTE involves repeated blows to the head and multiple episodes of concussion.
Many symptoms are similar to those of other degenerative brain conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, so they can be debilitating and have life-changing effects. alzheimer's disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) have long been recognized as sharing some similar neuropathological features.
in the 18th century Germany, Franz Gall proposed that different parts of the brain had different functions. this concept is now known as localization of brain function.
a technique that captures a picture of the brain. structural neuroimaging such as CT's and MRI's show the structure of the brain. Functional neuroimaging shows specific areas of the brain at work.
the cerebellum is involved with balance, coordination, posture, muscle tone
the medulla oblongata controls breathing rate, heartbeat, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, coughing, digestion, salivation, urination, defecation, sexual responses, sleep/wake cycles, temperature regulation, pain perception, reflexes (e.g., gagging)
the pons connects the midbrain to the forebrain
the medulla oblongata controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, coughing, digestion, salivation, urination, defecation, sexual arousal, and sleep/wake cycles
the pons connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and helps regulate respiration, eye movement, hearing, taste, facial expressions, and sleeping patterns
the thalamus relays sensory information from all senses except smell to the cortex
the thalamus acts as a relay station between sensory neurons and motor neurons
the hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by controlling hunger, thirst, sex drive, body temperature, emotions, and other bodily functions
the thalamus acts as a relay station between sensory neurons and motor neurons; it also plays an important role in consciousness, alertness, sleep, learning, memory, emotions, language, and movements
the thalamus acts as a relay station between sensory neurons and the cortex