psych chap 6

• 6.2 person perception


  The mental processes used to think about and evaluate other people.
• 6.2 Physical appearance


  We judge as physically attractive are generally perceived as more interesting, warm, mentally healthy, intelligent, independent, outgoing and socially skilled than unattractive people.
• 6.2 Physical cues


  In person perception, information gained from the way people look and act.
• 6.2 Halo effect


  A cognitive bias in which the impression we form about one quality of a person influences our beliefs and expectations about the person in other qualities.
• 6.2 Eye contact


  Eye contact is one of the most influence forms of non-verbal communication. Making eye contact can show both friendship with or a threat, depending upon the context in which it is used and other verbal and non-verbal cues that happen at the same time.
• 6.2 Behaviour


  We are most likely to form an accurate impression of people from their behaviour rather than appearance or words alone. This is because behaviour is strongly linked to personality and character.
• 6.2 Salience detection


  Refers to any personal characteristics that is prominent or conspicuous and thus attract attention. (unusal behaviour)
• 6.2 Social categorisation


  When we classify each other into groups on the bias of common characteristics with eachother.
• 6.2 Body language


  Our impression of people is also influenced by the information they convey through silent language of non-verbal communication. E.g: eye gaze, posture, facial expressions and other bodily movements.
• 6.3 Attributions


  The process by which we explain the causes of our own or another person's behaviour; also used refer to the explanation we come up with.
• 6.3 Internal attributions


  An explanation of behaviour due to the characteristics of the person involved, such as their personality, ability, attitude, mood or effort.
• 6.3 External attributions


  An explanation of behaviour due to factions associated with the situation the person is in.
• 6.3 Fundamental attribution error


  When explaining someone's behaviour, the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors and underestimate the impact of situational factors; behaviour is attributed to internal rather than external factors.
• 6.3 Actor-observer bias


  The tendency to attribute one's own behaviour to external situational factors, while attributing others' behaviour to internal or personal factors.
• 6.3 Self-serving bias


  When judging ourselves, the tendency to take the credit for our successes (internal factors) and attribute failures to external situational factors.
• 6.4 Attitudes


  An attitude is an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group event or issue. Judgements must be relatively consistent and lasting for it to be called an attitude
• 6.4 Tri-component model of attitudes

  An explanation of attitudes, in terms of three related components - affective, behavioural and cognitive l - that comprise any attitude.
• 6.4 Affective component


  The emotional reaction or feeling an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue.
• 6.4 Behavioural component


  The way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions (or how we might behave should the opportunity arise)
• 6.4 Cognitive component


  The beliefs and individual has about an object l, person, group, event or issue.
• 6.4 Consistency between the components

  The affective, cognitive and behavioural components are consistent.
• 6.4 Inconsistency between the components


  Some psychologists believe that there are possibly only affective and cognitive components of attitude because a person's behaviour does not always reflect the attitude they hold.
• 6.5 Stereotypes


  A generalisation about the personal characteristics of the members of a social group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group.
• 6.6 cognitive disonance


  an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs
• 6.6 dissonance


  lack of agreement or hamony between people or things
• 6.6 ways to stop/ reduce cognitive disonance

  change cognition (reduce the thought, change behaviour, add new cognition (add a new belief)
• 6.7 anchoring bias


  tendency to rely on first peice of infomation when making a decision and not chaning this idea when faced with more info
• 6.7 attentional bias


  tendancy to prioritise attention on certian infomation over other info
• 6.7 false consensus


  the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
• 6.7 hindsight bias


  the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
• 6.7 misinfomation effect


  tendency for infomation aquired after an event to influence the accuary of the memory of the original event
• 6.7 optimism bias


  tendency to overestimate the liklyhood of experiencing positive events and underestimating the liklyhood of experiencing negative events in the future
• 6.7 dunning kruger effect


  where people overestimate their ability , particulary in areas with which they have little to no knowledge or experience