Philippine Prehistory

• Who wrote questions and challenges in Philippine History?

  Felipe Landa Jocano
• different groups of Negritos (J. Montano)

  Negrito of Bataan

  Ata of Luzon

  Mamanwa of Mindanao
• where are Malays found (J. Montano)

  Bicol

  Bisayas

  Southern Luzon
• where can the Indonesia group be found (J. Montano)

  Samal, Bagobo, Guianga, Ata, Tagakaolo, Tagbanua, MManubo, Mandaya, and Bilaan
• which anthropologist used anthropometric measurements and ocular inspections of skeletons and comparison with contemporary populations

  J. Montano
• what did Ferdinand Blumentritt contribute to J. Montano’s theory

  .Negritos are the aboriginal population of the PH

  .pushed inland
• what proofs did F. Blumentritt use

  .physical traits of living population

  .wide distribution of the contemporary living population in SE Asia
• who used inmates from the Old Bilibid Prison as subjects

  R.B. Bean
• what are the problems with Bean’s work

  .highly selected samples

  .traits studied and measured are of unknown inheritance
• straigh-haired, semi dwarf Mongoloid Type (Beyer)

  proto-Malays
• difference between the appearances of Indonesian A with Indonesian B (Beyer)

  .A —> slender, fair, thin-faced, deep-set eyes, thin lips

  .B —> darker, stockier, bulkier, thick lips, large firmly set eyes
• characteristics of civilized Malays (Beyer)

  combination of Indonesian and Mongoloid
• Alternative View of Negritos

  .Tabon Man was dated as early as 30.5kya

  .Cagayan Valley 500kya —> ancient men

  .no proof of their physical characteristics and aboriginal nature
• what places are included in the Sunda shelf

  Sumatra, Java, part of Celebes, Borneo, part of Sulu, and Palawan
• what place is included in the Sahul Shelf

  Australia
• proof that Malays are not equivalent to Filipinos

  there were archaeological finds of men in Philippines and neighboring countries but their ethnicity cannot be identified
• Alternative Choices in understanding prehistorical Filipinos

  .peopling as a product of evolution and diversification

  .immigration or drifting from other island in SE Asia
• Fossil evidence of prehistoric men around Philippines

  Java, Solo, Wadjak (Austrralia), and Niah (Borneo)
• Problems with Wave Migration Theory

  .too simplistic explanation of cultural development

  .unrealistic to correlate physical characteristics with cultural development

  .doubtful whether the ancient people arrived in periodic sequences

  .difficult to prove that they had stable populations

  .does not allow for variant social and cultural development
• Proposals of Jocano

  .core population of peoples or prehistoric Island Southeast Asia

  .core population share a common cultural orientation

  .base culture —> amalgamation of cultures

  .none can be categorize into the historically defined ethnic groups

  .reconsideration of waves of migration
• what must be done to strengthen research or precolonial Filipinos

  use genetic evidence and not just anthropometric measurements
• who wrote A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins

  Peter Bellwood
• first set of quotations from Bellwood 1984

  1. Austronesian expansion and dispersion from 4000 BC to 1000 AD —> descendants in Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Madagascar, and Easter Island (Pacific Islands)
  2. Austronesian is a linguistic group
  3. physical char. and cultural patterns have changed but language traces will be preserved
  4. Proto-Austronesian (PAN) in Taiwan may have shared ancestry with Pre-Austronesian in S. China
  5. cereal-based economy Austronesian expanded from S. China to Taiwan and N. Philippines during the 5th and 4th millennia BC
• What cereals were part of early Austronesian economy

  rice and millet
• second set of quotations from Bellwood 1983

  1. The Indo-Malaysian archipelago 5kya was occupied by hunting and gathering societies but it was changed by the Austronesian expansion
  2. Austronesian languages originated from S. China and Taiwan —> expanded through assimilation
  3. S. China —> Taiwan (5500ya) —> Philippines (5000ya) —> Central Indonesia (4000 ya)
  4. Austronesian expansion is about cultural assimilation
  5. causes of the austronesian expansion:
  6. population growth
  7. sons of chiefs founding newly-cleared areas of land —> co-existed with aboriginal hunter-gatherers
• Central points in Bellwood 1985

  1. Austronesian is a linguistic taxon
  2. Proto-Austronesian was located in or near Taiwan
  3. Austronesian expansion involved founder movement and not just secondary learning
  4. Austronesian is expansion is caused by population growth and agricultural instability
  5. archaeological assemblages can be related to the material elements of early Austronesia protolanguages to can estimate dates
  6. ultimate region of Austronesian origin lay in the Neolithic landscape of S. China
• who was Bellwood comparing his arguments to

  Maecham
• Components of Austronesian Prehistory

  1. language
  2. speakers
  3. archaeological assemblages
• what is founder movement

  founding groups of Austronesian speakers intermarried with populations in Island SE Asia and W Melanesia
• disagreements of Bellwood with Maechan

  1. earliest inhabitants of Taiwan are the direct and sole ancestors of the present aborigines
  2. movement to Taiwan is only of the Tapenkeng culture
• Bellwood’s Austronesian Expansion

  1. 4000 BC, southern coastal provinces of China —> agriculture (domesticated rice), technology (domestication, pottery, polished stone adzes, spindle whorls, weaving), skilled bone and woodworking traditions, fishing and cano construction
  2. S. China to Taiwan via Fromosa Strait during the fifth millennium in small groups riding canoes
  3. nonhostile, agricultural —> cultural loss and innovation
• settlement patterns in precolonial SE Asia

  patchwork of human settlements
• were datus exclusive for men

  no
• Growth of regional networks in precolonial SE Asia

  1. trading facilitated political hierarchy and datuship
  2. localization of foreign ideas
• Indian contribution to religion

  universal religion that linked the local divinities
• Modes of worship

  offerings sacrifices, ceremonies, and feasts
• tagalog social stratification

  maginoo

  maharlika

  timawa

  tao

  slaves/esclavo
• powers of the datu

  • self-made men —> charisma and valor
  • large entourage and many dependents
  • tattoo with each military victory
  • sponsored feasts
• was bondage permanent

  no
• what did the spaniards do to divide the indios from the moros

  • religion
  • mae the native Christian soldiers from Luzon and Visayas fight the Moslems with an emphasis of their difference in religion as cause of fight
  • no common conception of Filipino nationality
  • difference in loyalty (religion and leadership)