Ac 2.2

• what is the command word for Ac 2.2

  discuss
• What do you need to do for ac 2.2

  • Define the aim
  • examples of the aim
  • theories views
• Just Desserts


  A phrase that refers to getting what's coming to you, or receiving the consequences of your actions
• Retribution


  The act of inflicting punishment or penalty on someone or something as a way of making up for a wrong or injury
• Proportionality in Retribution


  The principle that the punishment should fit the severity of the crime.
• Backward-Looking Retribution


  Punishing the offender for the harm caused by their past actions.
• Retribution

  • key words: Just desserts, proportionality and backwards looking
  • example mandatory life sentence for murder (eye for an eye)
  • right realism- the criminals have made their deserve so deserve the punishment (rational choice- Clarke)
  • functionalism- reminds people of right And wrong. Retribution used to show moral outrage eg calls for death penalty for bulger killers
  • Marxism- only proletariat punished
  • left realism- more focused on Rehab
• Rehabilitation


  Forward looking, reformation, change offenders
• Rehabilitation programs


  • Anger management courses
  • Drug treatment and testing orders
  • Educational programmes
  • Support
• Individualistic theories- rehab 


  • Skinner and token economy
  • Eysenck and aversion therapy
  • CBT
• Left realism- view of rehab


  • Helps to tackle issues such as poverty and unemployment
• Right realism- view of rehab


  • Too soft, does not punish, does not work since 63% of Offenders serving short sentence reoffend with a year
• Marxism criticises rehabilitation programmes for shifting the responsibility to the individual to change their behaviour instead of focusing on it being capitalism's fault
• Deterrence

  • individual deference: puts off committing crime
  • examples- short, sharp shock centres, bootcamps (little evidence of effectiveness)
  • Current examples- suspended sentences and prison (48% of all offenders reoffend so it doesn’t work)
  • theories on deterrence :
  • right realism- rational choice theory (Clarke)
  • Marxism- unfair proletariat commit crime due to capatilism
• Deterrence

  • general deterrence:
  • put off the whole of society through harsh punishment, often through media
  • severity vs certainty- punishment needs to be severe but also certain that they will be caught eg 3rd burglary= minimum of 3 years in prison only 5% end up in conviction
  • examples- prison
  • theories:
  • social learning theory- see role model being punished eg celebrities
  • functionalism (durkheim) reaffirm boundaries
• Incapacitation


  The inability of an individual to participate in the legitimate economy or to engage in illegal activities due to their incarceration
• Incapacitation


  A form of public protection
• Incapacitation


  • Chemical castration
  • Death penalty
• Incapacitation in detail


  • Prison
  • Key acts
• Crime Sentence Act 1997 introduced mandatory minimum sentence for repeat offenders e.g. life sentence for 2nd serious sexual or violent offence (public protection)
• CJA 2003 introduced indeterminate sentences (no release date) for dangerous offenders (public protection)
• Biological theory (Lombrosso)


  Can't change the offender so need to focus on keeping rest of society safe from them
• Right realism (public protection) 


  Key thing is to keep society and victims safe
• Left realism (public protection)


  Does not offer any levels of rehabilitation
• Marxism sees the proletariat as unsafe and the bourgeoise need to be protected from them, which is not the case (public protection)
• Reparation

  • repair the damage
  • compensate the individual victims- eg court can impose fines that can be passed onto victim
  • compensate society- eg court can impose unpaid work (community payback)
  • restorative justice- offender and victim meet
  • Theories:
  • left realism support his approach
  • functionalism- reparation helps with smooth running society
  • interactionalism- stops secondary deviance by having offenders remorse easier to reintegrate
  • right realism- disagree as it is too soft