Personality

    Cards (32)

    • Personality.traits are the characteristics ways that people differ from one another.
    • Criteria for characterizing personality traits
      • Consistency
      • Stability
      • Individual Differences
    • Consistency - individuals must be somewhat consistent across situations in their behavior related to the trait
    • Stability - individuals with a trait are also somewhat stable over time in behaviors related to the trait.
    • Individual Differences - people differ from one another on behaviors related to the trait.
    • The "Big Five" or "Five-Factor Model" system is a personality theory that proposes that personality is composed of five traits:
      • Openness
      • Conscientiousness.
      • Extraversion
      • Agreeableness
      • Neuroticism
    • Openness is the tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings, and behaviors.
    • Conscientiousness is the tendency to be careful on time for appointments, to follow rules, and to be hardworking.
    • Extraversion is the tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others, the tendency to have a dominant style.
    • Agreeableness is the tendency to agree and go along with others rather than to assert one's own opinions and choices.
    • Neuroticism is the tendency to frequently experience negative emotions such as anger, worry, and sadness as well as being interpersonally sensitive.
    • Eysenck’s Theory by Hans Eysenck
      Extraversion and Neuroticism are most important. Combining people’s standing on these two traits, many of the observed differences can be accounted for.
    • Hexaco Model of Traits
      Similar to the five factor model, except it adds a sixth trait: honesty-humility.
    • People high in honesty-humility are sincere, fair, and modest. People with low in this trait are manipulative, narcissistic, and self-centered.
    • “Traits-Reflect.Personality” by Walter.Mischel 
      Looking closely at one’s behavior across many different situations reveals that consistency is not really that impressive.
    • Objective.Tests represent the most familiar and widely used approach to assessing personality.
    • Responses to these items then are scored in a standardized, predetermined way.
    • Objective refers to the method that is used to score a person’s responses, rather than to the responses themselves.
    • Basic Types of Objective Tests
      • Self-report.Measure
      • Informant.Ratings
    • Informant.Ratings are asking someone who knows a person well to describe his or her personality characteristics.
    • Self-report Measures is a test that involves individuals describing themselves.
    • The items included in self-report measures may consist of single words, short phrases, or complete sentences
    • Self-report personality tests show impressive validity in relation to a wide range of important outcomes.
    • High-stakes.Testing is situations in which test scores are used to make important decisions about individuals.
    • Self-enhancement Bias; in other words, people are motivated to ignore some of their less desirable characteristics and to focus instead on their more positive attributes.
    • Projective.Test a personality test in which subjects are shown ambiguous images and asked to interpret and originally were based on the projective hypothesis.
    • Two examples of projective tests
      • Rorschach Inkblot Test
      • Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)
    • Rorschach Inkblot Test - test that involves individuals describing themselves
    • Thematic.Apperception.Test (TAT) - “picture interpretation technique” test that involves describing ambiguous scenes to learn more about a person’s emotions, motivations, and personality.
    • Implicit Test, a test designed to measure “implicit attitudes".
    • Behavioral.measures offer several advantages over other approaches to assessing personality.
    • Performance.measure is the process used to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of projects, programs and initiatives.
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