Eduquas geography B🌿🌤️✈️

• Slum clearance


  The demolition of slums - often against slum dwellers wishes
• Facts about Vision Mumbai

  • Approximately 50% slum dwellers are given new houses
  • Top down project
  • $30 billion project (Can't use it as an improvement of slums they are destroyed)
• Reasons why car ownership is increasing in Mumbai

  • Living on suburbs, commuting to work in the CBD
  • Exponential population growth
• 15,000 single room factories, employing 250,000 people in Mumbai contribute £700mil to Mumbai's economy annually
• 80% of waste is recycled in Mumbai
• How Sydney has tried to become more sustainable

  • Built desalination plants to try help with water shortages
  • Building 5-10% of low cost homes to help people afford housing and meet high demands
  • Spending $600mil in improving the railway network including the number of people who can use main station to help with travel congestion
  • Recycling centres to recycle 63% of it's waste and expanded the size of rubbish dumps to cope with extra waste
• Reasons why Sydney is a Global City

  • Many HQ's of MNCs
  • International airport and port
  • Excellent university
  • Major international tourist destinations (eg. Opera House)
• Global city


  Globally important city
• Mega city


  A city with more than 10 million residents
• Push factor


  A reason for leaving a place
• Pull factor


  A reason for moving to a place
• Natural increase


  When more people are born than people who die
• In 1950 only 2 mega cities New York and Tokyo - both HICs, now there are 28 mainly in Asia - MIC and LICs, a number now found in Africa and South America too
• Problems faced by Sydney

  • Congestion/traffic jams
  • Water shortages due to climate
  • Homelessness and high price of housing
  • Large volume of rubbish
• Sydney is located in south east Australia, 500km from Canberra and 100km from Melbourne, in New South Wales state, surrounded by Pacific Ocean
• Mumbai's trains are so overcrowded due to informal housing next to railways, railway systems carry 3x the amount designed for, overcrowding due to commuting to work at peak times, 3x longer, 9 people killed each day
• Dharavi is located approximately 1km north of Mumbai's CBD, located on marshland, surrounded by two railway lines
• Benefits of slum clearance projects like Vision Mumbai

  • Slums replaced with offices and shops that will create 1000's of jobs and add billions to Mumbai's economy
  • Local residents given small flat in return for slum - if they can prove that they have lived there for a number of years (50%)
• Problems of slum clearance projects like Vision Mumbai

  • Over 1/2 of residents will not be given a flat
  • Traditional industries in Dharavi destroyed - loss of jobs
• Other problems faced by Mumbai

  • Lack of formal jobs
  • Poor air quality
  • High traffic congestion
  • Wide spread poverty
• Ways that Mumbai is trying to improve its transport system

  • Roads have been widened and new roads built
  • Built new railway and invested in new trains increasing the amount of people who can be transported by 30%
  • 100,000 people in slums have been re-homes to allow for infrastructure improvements
  • Flexible hours
• Mumbai is located on the west coast of India next to the Arabian Sea
• Reasons why Mumbai is considered a global city

  • Location of many regional HQs of MNCs, including banks like Tata Steel
  • Major airports and port w 40% international flights land here - major trading centre
  • Universities
• Push factors that have led to Mumbai's growth

  • Drought
  • Lack of employment
  • Lack of education
  • Lack of safe water
  • Power supply issues in shanty towns
• Pull factors that have led to Mumbai's growth

  • Better access to health, education, water etc
  • Jobs (especially in secondary no tertiary sectors)
  • Cheap accommodation to low skilled workers
• Traffic is a major problem in Mumbai due to narrow roads, rapidly increasing car ownership, richer people increasingly living on suburbs of the city
• Mumbai train's are so overcrowded due to old railways network, Mumbai CBD on island so limited rail lines/bridges
• Ways that living in Dharavi affects people's quality of life


  • Lack of sanitation eg; 500 people sharing one toilet
  • Lack of access to clean water; queue for a limited water supply, open sewers and water pipes
  • Air pollution; human health conditions like asthma
  • Lack of legal rights; no legal rights to the land and lack of security and privacy
• Micro-credit has helped improve people's lives by allowing them to use loans to pay for education and business set up, allowing them to earn more money and afford better food/clothing/housing/education, and have a positive multiplier effect on the local community
• Improvements to Mumbai's transport system

  • Demolish informal housing next to trainlines
  • Increase platform length
  • Improve carriage ventilation
  • Prevent "roof" transit
  • Improve toilet facilities
  • Encourage "flexi hours" to mitigate rush hour (efficient mass transport)
• Increased car ownership


  People will be able to live in the outskirts and suburbs of towns as they will able to commute easier to work
• Improved roads


  People can live further away as it is easier to commute to work and there will not be a need to leave earlier as traffic congestion will be less
• Teleworking


  People have the opportunity to live further away from the centre of cities sand in outskirts and suburbs as they can virtually call for work on Zoom, Skype etc
• Impacts of international migration on area of destination

  • More low-wage workers
  • Job fulfilment
  • Increased diversity
  • Cultural enrichment
  • Boost to local economy
• Negative impacts of international migration on area of destination

  • Job competition
  • Increased pressure on public services
  • Discrimination and racial tensions (immigrants seen as stealing jobs)
  • Increased pressure on natural resources
  • Overcrowding
• Positive impacts of international migration on area of origin

  • Migrants mat return with new skills
  • Reduction in unemployment
  • Less pressure on public services
  • More resources available
  • Remittances area source of income and can boost local economy
• Negative impacts of international migration on area of origin

  • Tax increase due to depopulation
  • Reduction of workforce
  • Brain-drain effect: less of a skilled workforce
  • Ageing population with an outflow of young people
  • Depopulation in rural areas affecting agricultural output
• Urbanisation


  The process of cities or towns expanding and getting bigger
• Sub-urbanisation


  Suburbs on the outer edge of settlements grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people
• Counter-urbanisation


  The population of a village increases due to people migration from urban areas (may be due to commuter settlements)