1.2

• Ac 1.2 is about the Relationship of one agency with other agencies
• it could ask about the organisation/ structure of the cjs and how they interlink

  could ask about the relationships of a couple agencies
• The organistation of the CJS

  1. parliament or judiciary
  2. police
  3. cps
  4. magistrates court
  5. crown court
  6. sentencing council
  7. formal punishment- prison
  8. formal punishment- probation
• 1. the parliament or judiciary

  • law creation
  • laws can be made through parliament using GWFSCRTHR
  • can be rushed due to moral panics eg dangerous dogs act
  • also judicial precedent known as case law
• 2) police

  • once the law created the police with enforce it
  • use the powers under PACE
  • if a minor offence such as speeding will end with police giving penalty points
  • otherwise next step is CPS
• 3) cps

  • the police will ask the cps for evidence on Char aging through cps direct line
  • cps will decide whether to prosecute using the full code test- evidential test (reliable, credible, admissable) and public interest (worth time amd money)
  • if decide not to prosecute ends here or otherwise goes onto to HM courts and tribunal service
• 4) Magistrates court

  • defendant in magistrates court will see wether they can get bail or be remanded in custody
  • 95% of cases stay here and more serious to crown court
  • deal with summary cases (pre covid magistrates could give a custodial sentence of up to 6 months, increased up to 12 months to help deal with case backlog
  • magistrates are laypeople
  • CPS and defence lawyers are present cases here and police may give testimonial evidence
• Crown court

  • more serious cases (indictable offences). Judge will decide sentence and jury will decide verdict
  • CPS and defence lawyers present cases here and police may give testimonial evidence
• Sentencing council - ensures consistency the judge and magistrates need to refer to sentencing guidelines written by sentencing councils
• Formal Punishment- prison

  • if the defendant is sentenced to a custodial sentence then they will be spending their sentence in a category prison (category is based on risk)
• Formal punishment-probation

  • if the defendant has served between 2 days and 2 years in prison then the sentence will be followed by a minimum of 12 months on probation
  • Probation could also deal with defendants who have not gone to prison but have a community sentence
• Police


  CJS (Criminal Justice System)
• CPS (Crown Prosecution Service)

  1. Evidence of suspects

  2. Charging suspects in line with CPS instruction CPS direct

  3. POA 1985 & CJA 2003

  4. CPS decide the decision on prosecution using full code test e.g. Mason Greenwood
• Courts


  1. Give evidence (testimonial)

  2. Protection of witnesses

  3. Holding offenders in cells

  4. Go to courts for warrants

  5. Use to deal with transportation to court now prisoner escort and custody services
• HMMPS (Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service)


  • Prison child sex offenders
  • Lost- escapees prisoners
  • Pentonville
• Voluntary organisations


  • Gather witnesses to victim support
• MAPPA (Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements)


  • Work with prison and probation for high risk offenders
• Campaigns


  • Inquest works
  • Work counts
  • Prison and police change to the justice system