Bio

• Animal Cells


  • Nucleus acts as control center, regulating cell activities
  • Cell membrane is a gatekeeper, controlling what enters and exits
  • Mitochondria are the powerhouse, producing energy through cellular respiration
  • Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis
• Plant Cells


  • Cell wall provides structural support and protection
  • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, enabling photosynthesis
  • Vacuoles are large storage compartments
• Bacterial Cells


  • Contain chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA
  • Cell membrane regulates passage of substances
  • Ribosomes responsible for protein synthesis
  • Some have flagella for movement
• Sperm Cells


  • Acrosome contains enzymes to help penetrate egg
  • Haploid nucleus carries half genetic material
  • Mitochondria provide energy for swimming
  • Tail/flagellum propels sperm forward
• Egg Cells


  • Nutrient-rich cytoplasm provides resources for embryo development
  • Haploid nucleus contains half genetic material
  • Changes in cell membrane prevent other sperm from entering
• Ciliated Epithelial Cells


  • Have cilia on surface that beat in waves, moving mucus and substances
• Microscopes


  Have undergone advancements, leading to increased clarity and detail, especially with electron microscopy
• Understanding the scale of cellular structures is essential for interpreting their functions
• Prefixes (milli, micro, nano, pico)


  Denote orders of magnitude, crucial for accurately expressing sizes of cells and structures
• Investigating biological specimens using microscopes

  1. Calculate magnification

  2. Draw accurate scientific diagrams based on observations
• Mitosis


  1. Interphase (cell growth and DNA replication)

  2. Prophase (chromosomes condense)

  3. Metaphase (chromosomes align)

  4. Anaphase (chromatids separate)

  5. Telophase (nuclear envelope reforms)

  6. Cytokinesis (cytoplasm divides)
• Mitosis


  Process of cell division that ensures growth, repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms
• Cancer


  Disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division, often resulting from genetic mutations or environmental factors
• Growth in animals


  Involves cell division and differentiation, where cells specialize into different types
• Growth in plants


  Occurs through cell division, elongation, and differentiation, leading to development of roots, stems, and leaves
• Cell differentiation


  Process by which cells become specialized for particular functions during organism development
• Percentile charts


  Used to monitor growth by comparing individual measurements with reference population
• Stem cells


  Have unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, valuable for medical research and potential therapeutic applications
• Benefits and risks of stem cells

  Promise for treating diseases and injuries, but raise ethical and practical considerations
• Animal Cells


  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• Plant Cells


  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuole
  • Ribosomes
• Bacteria


  • Chromosomal DNA
  • Plasmid DNA
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Flagella
• Sperm Cells


  • Acrosome
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Tail
• Egg Cells


  • Nutrient-rich cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane changes
• Ciliated Epithelial Cells


  • Cilia
• Microscope Technology


  • Electron microscopy
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
  • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
• Core Practical


  1. Investigating biological specimens using microscopes

  2. Magnification calculations

  3. Labelled scientific drawings
• Mitosis in the Cell Cycle

  1. Interphase

  2. Prophase

  3. Metaphase

  4. Anaphase

  5. Telophase

  6. Cytokinesis
• Importance of Mitosis


  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Asexual reproduction
• Cell division by mitosis produces two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes
• Cancer


  Changes in cells leading to uncontrolled cell division
• Organism Growth


  1. Cell division and differentiation in animals

  2. Cell division, elongation, and differentiation in plants
• Cell Differentiation


  Importance in the development of specialized cells
• Percentile Charts


  Monitoring growth using reference population data
• Stem Cells


  • Embryonic stem cells
  • Adult stem cells
  • Meristems in plants
• Benefits and Risks of Stem Cells

  • Potential for treating diseases
  • Ethical concerns
  • Immune rejection
  • Tumor formation