EARTH SCIENCE

• Ancient Astrology 


  Bible

  Geocentric Universe (Earth + Center) - Ptolemy

  Heliocentric Universe (Sun + Center) - Aristarchus

  Nicolas Copernicus - Develop and Justify Heliocentric
• Steady State Theory - No beginning, no ending
• Big Bang Theory: The universe began as a singularity, which expanded and cooled down.
• Georges Lemaitre


  Big Bang Theory
• Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold, Fred Hoyle 


  Steady State Theory
• The universe is everything, from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies, to the very existence of space, time, and life
• The origin of the universe is the origin of everything
• Big Bang theory


  The most widely accepted explanation for the origin of the universe, stating that it began as a hot and infinitely dense point
• This tiny singularity violently exploded

  About 13.7 billion years ago
• Stages of the universe's evolution

  1. Radiation era

  2. Matter era
• Radiation era

  • Dominance of radiation right after the Big Bang
  • Made of smaller stages called epochs
• Epochs in the radiation era

  1. Planck epoch

  2. Grand unification epoch

  3. Inflationary epoch

  4. Electroweak epoch

  5. Quark epoch

  6. Hadron epoch

  7. Lepton epoch

  8. Nuclear epoch
• Planck epoch


  No matter existed, only energy and the superforce
• Grand unification epoch


  Three remaining unified forces of nature
• Inflationary epoch


  The universe rapidly expanded from the size of an atom to the size of a grapefruit
• Electroweak epoch


  The last two forces, electromagnetic and weak, split off
• Quark epoch


  The universe's ingredients were present, but too hot and dense for subatomic particles to form
• Hadron epoch


  The universe cooled down enough for quarks to bind together and form protons and neutrons
• Lepton and nuclear epochs


  Protons and neutrons fused to create the first chemical element, helium
• Matter era


  Defined by the presence and predominance of matter in the universe
• Epochs in the matter era

  1. Atomic epoch

  2. Galactic epoch

  3. Stellar epoch
• Atomic epoch


  The universe's temperature cooled enough for electrons to attach to nuclei, creating hydrogen
• Galactic epoch


  Clusters of atoms became the seedlings of galaxies
• Stellar epoch


  Formation of stars caused the conversion of helium and hydrogen into almost all remaining elements in the universe
• This ecosystem of everything was only possible because of the many stages in the universe's development
• Countless questions about the origins of our universe remain
• It's only a matter of time for some long-sought answers to emerge