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• Marco Polo


  Went to China for 15 years in the 1400s and came back and told what he experienced and saw
• Reasons to Change


  • Crusades
  • Middle east fought experienced pirates
  • Trade (Spice, Silks, Jewels)
• Leaders


  • Portugal
  • Spain
• 5 Different Changes


  • Technological Advances (Mapmaking, Navigation instruments, Compass, Astrolabe, New Ships)
  • Cannons
  • Economic Changes (Commercial Revolution, Economy changes to meet needs of Exploration, Standardized money, Backed by gold & silver, Strong business transaction, Join stock companies, Donation helped pay)
  • Political Changes (Search for overseas empire, Competition, Power, Trade center moved)
  • Colonies (Wanted to gain as many colonies in order to become fully independent, Only existed for the benefits of the mother country, Faced strict economic laws, New markets)
• Caravels


  Ocean vessels that replaced Galleys (old fashioned ships and could only travel along the coasts)
• Cannons


  Protect from pirates, Changed naval warfare
• Commercial Revolution


  Name of the period with many economic changes
• Mercantilism


  Economic theory to become self-sufficient, get as much gold & rich, Favorable Balance of Trade (Sell more than you need to buy), Tarrifs (Tax on imported goods), Subsidies to encourage new industry
• Colonies only existed for the benefits of the mother country, Caused for such strict economic laws
• Societal Causes


  • Overcrowding
  • Religious Persecution (Hugenots went to Canada, Puritans went to New England)
• Throughout the 1500s Spain was the most powerful nation in Europe. Spain had the largest overseas empire. 150 years later Spain's power has declined.
• Spain's Colonial Empire


  Focused on colonizing the Americas and the Philippines to gain gold and silver
• Spain failed to find the spices they sought for and soon discovered that the land wasn't the East Indies.
• Juan Ponce de Leon


  Left Puerto Rico seeking the Fountain of Youth in 1513
• Panfilo de Narvaez


  Led an expedition to Florida in 1528 that ended in disaster
• Alvan Nunez Cabeza de Vaca


  Led a handful of survivors from the Narvaez expedition through southwestern US. and Mexico for 7 years
• Hernan Cortez


  Explored the Yucatan in Mexico, learned about the Mayan & Aztec civilizations, invaded Mexico in 1519 with 11 ships and 600 men
• Moctezuma


  Aztec ruler who gave Cortez a lot of gold and silver because he thought Cortez was a God, was killed by his own people
• Tenochtitlan


  Aztec city that Cortez captured and destroyed (present-day Mexico City)
• Francisco Pizarro


  Led an expedition of 180 men & 37 horses from the Isthmus of Panama to the Inca Empire(Peru) and seized it in 1532
• Atahualpa


  Incan leader who Pizarro took hostage and executed after the Incas filled a room with gold and silver for his release
• Spain controlled the West Indies, Central America, Southern and Western North America, and much of South America
• Spanish Colonial Government & Society

  Centralized government, Viceroys as representatives of the monarchy, Encomienda system of slave labor, Diseases decimated the native population leading to the importation of African slaves
• Spanish Rivals (British, French, & Dutch) started colonies in the Americas, violated the treaty of Tortesilla, and attacked Spanish ships carrying gold and silver
• Charles V


  Member of the Habsburg family, King of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, had to defend Europe against the Ottoman Turks, wars drained Spain's resources
• Philip II


  Devout Roman Catholic, Leader of the Counter-Reformation, Fought wars to defend Catholicism, Financial problems due to inherited debt and costly wars
• Philip's Wives


  Maria Manuela of Portugal, Mary I of England, Elisabeth Valois of France, Anna of Austria
• Battle of Lepanto


  Huge victory for Philip II over the Ottoman Turks in 1571
• El Escorial


  Enormous monastery/palace built by Philip II to be intimidating and show off Spain's victories
• Spanish Armada


  150 ship fleet sent by Philip II in 1588 to overthrow Queen Elizabeth, reinstate Catholicism in England, and halt English & Dutch attacks on Spanish ships, ended in disaster
• Dutch Society


  Excellent and efficient ships, dominated European commerce, religiously tolerant, colonial empire through the Dutch East India Company
• Philip's harsh treatment of his subjects in the Netherlands led to catastrophe for Spain, as the people turned their distrust into outright rebellion
• Dutch


  • Amazing sailors
  • Dominated European commerce throughout 1600s
  • Dutch banks and trading company
  • Most of Europe's trade in the 1600s was carried on Dutch ships
  • Manufacturing, especially in ships
  • Population mainly Calvinists, only Calvinists could hold political positions in office but they were religiously tolerant
  • Colonial empire in Asia, Africa, Caribbean, North America, South America
  • Colonies reflected business attitude of homeland
• New Amsterdam


  1626 Manhattan
• The Rise of the Dutch

  • Provinces of the Netherlands, land in which Philip inherited, had been a great trading center, one of Europe's richest areas (since the middle ages)
  • People in the province had a proud tradition of independence
  • 1550s Calvinism was already making headway in the area
• Philip's harsh treatment of his subjects in the Netherlands

  Led to catastrophe for Spain
• People of the Netherlands strongly distrusted Philip
• Revolt led by William the Silent

  Grew so strong that Philip could not stop it
• William the Silent


  • Called the silent because he spoke to few people
  • Prince of Orange
  • Catholic → Lutheran → Calvinism
  • Guerilla warfare, also opened the dikes and the Spanish drown
  • Relied on swift raids by bands of soldiers to keep army off balance
• Split North & South 1579

  North = United Province of the Netherlands

  South = Belgium (especially Netherlands…Austria Netherlands and then Belgium)