sport and society

• what was life like in pre-industrial Britian (pre-1780)

  violent

  people lived in rural areas (countryside)

  short lifespan

  most people worked in the fields that the upper class owned

  there was limited free time for the workers and they were iliterate
• what was pre-industrial sport known as 


  popular recreation
• what were the characteristics of popular recreation

  violent/aggressive, limited-no rules, played in large open spaces, on played on occasion, simple, male dominated, wagered on, local
• what were the characteristics of popular recreation for the upper class

  played inside, rules were complex and written down, used proper equipment and facilities, played regularly as they had time and money, civilised, morally respectable
• what are the three stages of development of team games

  stage one - public school boys played the version of football the peasants played on their land

  stage two - headmasters got involved and encouraged them th play these games as it controlled their behaviour (Thomas Arnold, headmaster of Rugby School was given credit to interhouse matches)

  stage three - muscular christianity / athletisism (gives boys the values of team work, respect and prepares them for Oxbridge and becoming leaders
• what were the wenlock olympian games

  founded by William Penny Brooks and was organised, simple and had unwritten rules

  a mixture of mob football and real tennis / mixture on popular recreation and modern sport

  played annualy

  prizes were won

  involved running, hurdling, cycling

  classes were mixed and it involved gambling
• who was the founder of the modern olympics

  Baron Pierre de Croubertin in 1896, Athens - Greece

  • inspired by Wenlock, Rugby School snd Ancient Greek Olympic games in Olympus
• how did the industrial revolution change everything

  workers formed unions which gave them Saturday afternoons and bank holidays off and wages were also increased

  trains

  urbanisation

  entrepreneurs

  newspapers
• how did the development of trains change sport in the industrial revolution

  teams had regular fixtures as they were able to travel to other teams

  spectators rose as workers had more free time and more money

  codified rules were developed/standardised rules

  formation of leagues and clubs
• what is urbanisation 


  workers moving to the cities to work in factories as a result of machines taking their jobs in the fields
• what did entrepreneurs do

  built stadiums to train their teams ans charge entrance fees

  also they could charge for other teams to train in their stadium
• how did newspapers help sport in the industrial revolution

  sport pages where added and people wanted to advertise in those pages so they made money selling adverts
• where did workers move too

  the north because they had more coal, water fir factories and trains
• how did the formation of football teams help the workers

  the formation of football teams gave Northern town workers a sense of identity and belonging
• how was oxbridge important in the development of sport

  boys from different schools (Eton, Winchester, Harrow...) have different rules so it created codified rules

  • cambridge nailed their rules to a tree

  promoted muscular christianity/athelticism
• how was the church and athleticism important in the development of sport

  promote muscular chritianity

  • teach young men morals and values in sport, disipline ('a healthy mind and body')
  • stop the drinking of the working class

  sunday morning football leagues are a legacy of this

  created teams like Southampton, Mancity, Aston Villa, Everton, Celtic
• why were NGBs important in the development of sport

  National Governing Bodies

  • set up by middle and upper class
  • organised leagues and fixtures
  • promote the sport
  • professionalism needed controlling so the middle class could preserve their amateur ideal
  • created codified rules to play in a uniform manner
• why were factory owners important in the development of sport

  made football teams because they are trying to keep workers active and healthy so they are more productive

  they like the advertising that goes with owning a football team
• who were the middle class and how did they help the development of sport 


  professional jobs likes teachers, lawyer and an accountant

  they helped run the club organisation

  they could read and write

  helped form football teams and NGBs
• when was the formation of FA

  1868
• when was the first FA cup

  1881
• what was the British empire and who were the leaders

  collection of countries

  upper class from public schools (to Oxford, Cambridge to factory owners or army leaders, civil service)

  they traded with the empire
• how was sport spread by the empire

  factory owners had to trade goods for their products so they would take countries to receive those goods

  as they controlled places, sport spread

  used sport to combat boredom and inlist british values in the locals

  the locals copied and tried to beat us at our own sports

  workers were teachers, soldiers, industrialists and diplomats

  Ex-public school boys had an important role in spreading + maintaining the empire

  spread the word of God (missionaries/clergy) and the chuch to spread christianity
• what are 18th/19th century Gentlemen Amateurs 


  upper and middle class

  didnt need to be paid as they had time and money

  believed in muscular christianity/athleticism

  believed in playing fairly

  Ex-public school boys

  played 'for the love of it' and character building exercises
• what were 18th/19th century professionals 


  working class

  train hard

  get paid

  perceived background as corruptible - some were paid to lose

  gambling was controlled and therefore results were important for the spectators
• who were 21st century amateurs

  low status

  outcasted by professionals

  no social class divide

  receive financial/backing for training and travel
• what is the history of Rugby Union and Rugby League

  1895

  northeners broke away because they wanted to be paid professionals

  rugby football union banned professionalism until 1995

  clubs that broke away were called the Northern Union in Lancastshire + Yorkshire (now the rugby league)

  rugby league simplified the rules so it makes it entertaining to watch and straight forward

  rugby union players earn twice as more