Memory

• Capacity in STM


  4 chunks
• Duration in STM


  18-30 seconds
• Coding in STM


  acoustic
• Capacity in LTM


  Unlimited
• Duration in LTM


  Lifetime
• Coding in LTM


  Semantic
• 2 main stores in sensory register

  Iconic memory & echoic memory
• Iconic memory


  Visual information is coded visually
• Echoic memory


  Sound information is coded acoustically
• Modality specific

  Storing something in the mode we received
• Cognition


  All the processes by which the sensory input is transferred, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used
• Cognitive psychology


  Study of the internal processes and functions of the mind
• Capacity


  How much information is stored in the different types of memory
• Duration


  How long something stays in memory
• Coding


  The format which information is stored in memory
• Capacity & duration on sensory register

  Capacity- very high

  Duration - less than half a second
• WMM control centre


  Central executive
• WMM slave systems


  phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
• Capacity of phonological loop

  2 seconds
• Capacity of Visuo-Spatial sketchpad

  3-4 objects
• Capacity of episodic buffer

  4 chunks
• Implicit memory


  Doing tasks without having to think about it
• Explicit memory


  Having to think about the task we are doing
• Procedural memory


  Behaviour and skills
• Episodic memory


  Ability to recall past events/experiences
• Semantic memory


  General knowledge about the world
• Interference


  One of the ways we forget information from LTM
• retroactive interference


  Newer memory interferes with an older one
• proactive interference


  Older memory interferes with a newer one
• Cue


  A trigger of information that allows us to access a memory
• context dependent memory


  Remembering in the same place as encoding
• state-dependent memory


  Remembering in the same state as encoding
• Retrieval failure


  the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues
• encoding specificity principle


  Is a cue is to help us recall information, it must be present at the encoding stage and at retrieval
• Eyewitness testimony


  Evidence provided by a witness Of a crime with a view to identifying the perpetrator
• the cognitive interview


  using various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses
• 4 main features of the cognitive interview


  report everything

  reinstate the context

  reverse the order

  change perspective
• 3 factors affecting eye witness testimony

  leading questions

  anxiety

  post event discussion
• post event discussion


  discussing an event with other people can contaminate memory
• study that shows a positive effect of anxiety on EWT


  Yuille & Cutshall shooting in store