Kinesiology Exam Review

• Types of planes

  • Sagittal Plane - front of the body to the back ( front roll )
  • Transverse Plane - Horizontal divides the body in half ( Spinning)
  • Frontal Plane - vertical one side of the to the other ( cartwheel )
• What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

  • Anatomy - studies the physical structure of the body
  • Physiology - studies the function of the body
• What is Cardiac Output?

  • Production of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume ( SV)
• How is the body broken down into two sections?

  • Appendicular Skeleton- Insertion points ( part of the body that moves)
  • Axial Skeleton- Origin points ( part of the body that doesn't move )
• Types of Axes


  • Horizontal - extends from one side of the body to the other. (front roll spear on the side)
  • Longitudinal - head to toe ( spin, spear on head)
  • Antero- posterior- extends from front and back ( spear on stomach, cartwheel )
• Female Athlete Triad

  • the interrelationship between menstrual dysfunction, low energy availability, and decreased bone mineral density. It's common among women who play sports.
• Voluntary and Involuntary muscles


  • voluntary - Can consciously control them ( skeletal muscles)
  • involuntary - We can't consciously control them ( reproductive system,)
• Principles of Biomechanics ( Angular Motion)


  Principle 6 - Production of Angular Momentum - Angular momentum is produced by the application of a force at some distance from an axis by torque. Ex. Soccer ( using seams in soccer ball to produce torque)

  Principle 7 - Conservation of Angular Momentum - Angular momentum is constant when an individual is free in the air. Ex figure skating
• Different types of muscles

  • Smooth Muscles - involuntary, non-striated muscles ( digestive tract)
  • Cardiac Muscles - involuntary ( sometimes voluntary ), found in the heart ( heart)
  • Skeletal Muscles - Striated/striped, voluntary ( hamstrings group, quadricep groups)
• Difference between tendon and ligaments

  • Tendon - connects muscle to bone
  • Ligaments - connects bone to bone
• Three energy systems

  • Anaerobic Alactic - Athletes will use this system for a quick and powerful surge of energy ( Sprinters, shotput)
  • Anaerobic Lactic - This system provides a longer burst of energy but has a byproduct of lactic acid. ( hockey shifts)
  • Cellular respiration - Athletes use this system during endurance events to keep going at the same pace. This system needs oxygen to make ATP.
• Difference between Agonist and Antagonist muscles

  Antagonist- Muscle that lengthens / relaxes

  Agonist - Muscle that contracts

  ex: bicep curl - bicep contracts and triceps relaxes
• Reflex arch and Golgi Tendon Organ

  • Reflex Arch is when the signal doesn't go to the brain and instead goes to the spinal cord. This is to protect ourselves when we accidentally put our hand over a hot stove.
  • Golgi Tendon Organ makes sure we don't exert too much pressure on our muscles to the point where we hurt ourselves.
• Three different types of contractions

  • Concentric - Shortening of the muscles
  • Eccentric - lengthening of the muscles
  • Isometric - no movement because both agonist and antagonist muscles are contracting
• Principles of Biomechanics ( Linear motion )


  • Principle 4 - Impulse- momentum relationship - The greater the applied impulse the greater the velocity. Ex. Jump serve
  • Principle 5 - Direction of application of the applied force - Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite to the applied force. Ex. Swimming ( pushing off the pool wall )
• Ergogenic aids


  • Creatine
• Principles of biomechanics ( stability and Max effort)


  • Principle 1 : Stability - greater mass, wider base of support, closer centre of mass and positioned at the centre of the are of support, the more stable you are. Ex. Sumo wrestling
  • Principle 2 - Production of Max Force- Using all the joints produces maximum force. Ex. throwing a football
  • Principle 3 - Production of Max Velocity- Sequencing your joints from biggest to smallest produces max velocity. Ex. Golf
• Different levers of the body

  • First Class Lever ( force, fulcrum, load) - Seesaw/ atlas and axis
  • Second Class Lever ( force, load, fulcrum) wheelbarrow/ plantarflexion of the knee
  • Third Class Lever ( fulcrum, force, load) snow shovel/ Bicep curls
• Coaching styles

  • Authoritarian - Implements punishment
  • Busniness-like- organized, always has a plan
  • Nice Guy/Gal - Nice, treats everyone as friends
  • Intense - Extremely motivational/ Cheerleader coach
  • Easy- Going- mellow, let's things happen the way they are
• Title 9 Impact and its impact on Sport

  • Title 9 prohibits gender discrimination of any kind in schools
  • This made sure that both male and female sports teams have the same available funding to create equal opportunities for everyone.
• Current issues in sport today

  • Salary Cap - Good players are draining their team's salary cap which causes issues with the budgeting.
  • Cheating in Sport - most professional or at the high level athletes are cheating, but within the rules. ( using illegal substances, blood doping, using illegal equipment , etc. ) EX. Lance Armstrong
  • Gender Inequities- Women receiving "second hand" treatment, not a lot of coaches/referees are women, less sponsorship opportunities, and less prize money available to female athletes.
• Types of fractures

  • Simple Fracture- crack in the bone ( just needs a cast)
  • Compound Fracture - bone separated into pieces ( needs to be realigned)
  • Comminuted Fracture- bone shattered into pieces ( need surgery)
  • Greenstick Fracture - Bone is bent but not broken ( Mostly kids that fracture their bones like this, the bone being bent causes hair line fracture)