finals

• Adrenal medulla


  Secretes corticosteroids, such as cortisol and aldosterone
• Adrenal medulla


  • Divided into three zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
• Thyroid gland


  Composed of follicular cells that produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
• Basophils in the anterior pituitary gland


  Secrete hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and prolactin
• The basophils in the anterior pituitary gland (somatotrophs and mammotrophs) secrete hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and prolactin. Correct answer: secretes fsh, lh, acth, tsh
• Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

  Contain alpha cells that produce insulin
• The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas contain alpha cells that produce insulin. Correct answe: Glucagon
• The thymic medulla contains fewer lymphocytes than the cortex
• Splenic sinusoids


  • Lined by unusual endothelial cells called stave cells, which are elongated and aligned parallel to the blood flow, with open slits between the cells
• Lymph node


  An encapsulated lymphoid organ responsible for "educating" lymphocytes to become immunocompetent cells
• The lymph node is an encapsulated lymphoid organ responsible for "educating" lymphocytes to become immunocompetent cells. Correct answer: not for educating
• Pineal gland


  Secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle
• Palatine tonsils


  • Enlarged with 10-20 deep invaginations or tonsillar crypts in which the epithelial lining is densely infiltrated with lymphocytes and other leukocytes
• IgG is present in almost all exocrine secretions. – no
• Secondary lymphoid organs


  Sites where immune responses occur
• Peyer's patches are very large clusters of lymphoid follicles located in the wall of the cecum which allow close monitoring of microorganisms in the gut. Correct answer: peyers patches is found om the wall of ileum
• Parathyroid glands


  Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates the calcium levels in the blood
• Blood-thymus barrier


  • A protection region in the thymic cortex extending towards the medulla which function includes ensuring antigens escaping the bloodstream do not reach the developing thymocytes
• TECs


  Manufacture thymosin, serum thymic factor, thymopoietin, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, hormones that function in the transformation of immature T lymphocytes into immunocompetent T cells
• The adrenal glands located just above the kidneys are encapsulated
• Pancreas


  Has both endocrine and exocrine functions, with the endocrine portion consisting of the islets of Langerhans
• The adrenal medulla secretes corticosteroids, such as cortisol and aldosterone
• Goblet cells are absent in the bronchioles but present in the bronchi
• The striated (brush) border of enterocytes in the small intestine is formed by densely packed cilia. - are large, hair like structure and are not characteristic of the intestinal brush border
• The alveolar ducts are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
• Club cells (Clara cells) in the bronchioles


  Secrete a surfactant-like substance and detoxify harmful substances
• True vestibular cords


  • Contain stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium and vocal ligament made of elastic fibers
• The transition from conducting to respiratory epithelium is marked by the presence of alveoli in the walls of respiratory bronchioles
• Muscularis externa of the colon

  • Includes teniae coli, which are three distinct longitudinal bands of smooth muscle
• Trachealis muscle


  Composed of smooth muscle, bridges the gap between the free ends of the tracheal cartilages
• Dust cells in the liver


  Specialized macrophages that reside in the sinusoids and play a role in immune defense
• In the small intestine, the villi are covered with stratified squamous epithelium
• Type II pneumocytes are primarily responsible for the structural integrity of the alveoli
• Muscularis mucosae of the esophagus

  • Particularly thick and contributes significantly to the propulsion of food
• The trachea contains a muscularis mucosae layer
• Submucosa of the small intestine

  Contains Meissner's plexus, which regulates glandular secretions and blood flow
• The vocal cords are covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Correct answer- stratified squamous epithelium
• Fundic glands in the stomach

  • Have parietal cells predominantly located in the neck region of the gland
• Peyer's patches are lymphoid nodules found primarily in the submucosa of the ileum
• Pancreas


  Contains both exocrine and endocrine components, with the exocrine portion producing digestive enzymes