ELEM. SURVEYING

• "surveying is the art of determining the positions of points"

  rayner and schidmt
• "surveying is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances"

  davis, foote, anderson, and mikhail
• “Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points"

  clarke
• “Surveying is that branch of applied mathematics"

  webster
• as are necessary to

  determine the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface

  breed, hosmer and bone
• “Surveying is the science and art of determining relative positions of points above,

  on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or establishing such points.”

  binker and wolf
• type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a

  flat surface,

  plane surveying
• surveys of wide extent which take into account the

  spheroidal shape of the earth.

  geodetic surveying
• closed surveys which are undertaken in urban

  and rural locations

  cadastral surveys
• surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of

  planning expansions or improvements,

  city surveys
• surveys which are of concern to engineers, architects, and builders.

  construction surveys
• type of survey executed in connection with forest

  management and mensuration,

  forestry surveys
• surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors,

  oceans, and other bodies of water.

  hydrographic surveys
• surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft,

  industrical surveys
• surveys which position of all

  underground excavations and surface mine structures,

  mine surveys
• survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras

  photogrammetric surveys
• involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork

  quantities,

  route surveys
• surveys made for determining the shape of the ground,

  topographic surveys