Obedience

• What does obedience mean?

  Obedience means following direct orders.
• What is the term for obeying orders that cause harm?

  Destructive obedience.
• What does the dispositional hypothesis suggest about the Holocaust?

  It suggests that German culture or personality led to high levels of conformity and obedience.
• What is the situational hypothesis according to Milgram?

  It focuses on the social processes operating in the situation rather than individual characteristics.
• Why might the sample of Milgram's research limit its external validity?

  The sample consisted only of American men, which may not apply to women or other cultures.
• What did Miranda et al. (1981) find regarding obedience rates in Spanish students?

  They found an obedience rate of over 90% in Spanish students.
• What does Dolinski et al. (2017) suggest about obedience across genders?

  They found 90% obedience among men and women aged 18-69.
• What does the replication of Milgram's study suggest about his conclusions?

  It suggests that Milgram’s conclusions about obedience are valid across cultures and apply to females as well.
• What did Orne and Holland (1968) argue about Milgram's participants?

  They argued that participants guessed the shocks were fake.
• What did Perry (2013) find when analyzing tapes of Milgram's participants?

  Many participants expressed doubts about the authenticity of the shocks.
• What does Sheridan and King (1972) suggest about Milgram's results?

  54% of male participants and 100% of females delivered what they thought was a fatal shock to a puppy.
• What does the touch proximity condition suggest about belief in the experiment?

  It was difficult for the confederate to convince the naïve participant when they were close to each other.
• What did Hofling et al. (1966) find regarding nurses' obedience?

  21 out of 22 nurses would give an overdose of a made-up drug after being instructed by an unknown doctor.
• What does Rank and Jacobson (1977) suggest about familiar circumstances and obedience?

  More familiar circumstances or social support help resist obedience.
• How did Milgram control variables in his variations?

  He systematically altered one variable at a time to see its effect on obedience.
• What is the significance of the replication in the French documentary "Le Jeu de la Mort"?

  80% of participants delivered the maximum shock, supporting Milgram’s conclusions about obedience.
• What did Haslam and Reicher (2012) analyze about Milgram's participants' behavior?

  They found that participants identified with the experimenter and the science of the experiment.
• What limitation does Social Identity Theory suggest about Milgram's conclusions?

  It suggests that identification is key to obedience, and when participants identified less with the science, obedience levels fell.
• What ethical guidelines did Milgram violate according to Baumrind (1964)?

  He deceived participants about the allocation of roles and the authenticity of the shocks.
• What is the problem with psychological research being unethical?

  It damages psychology’s reputation, making it harder to recruit participants and conduct research.
• How does Milgram's research support a situational explanation of obedience?

  It shows that situational factors like proximity, location, and uniform influence obedience.
• Why is the obedience alibi considered socially sensitive?

  It suggests that those responsible for the Holocaust were victims of situational factors, which is offensive to survivors.
• What is missing from a situational perspective of evil behavior?

  Dispositional factors.
• What are two criticisms of Milgram's research regarding ethics?

  Participants were distressed and deceived, leading to a lack of informed consent.
• What are two methodological criticisms of Milgram's research?

  It lacked external validity due to the lab setting and used only male participants, affecting population validity.